In typical knowledge, fiction and non-fiction are sometimes seen as several types of genres on totally different terrains of information. Non-fiction is the realm of info whereas fiction is the realm of creativeness or non-facts. Bertrand Russell, asserts that “To learn how nature works, we should overlook our personal hopes and fears and tastes, and be guided solely by cautious investigation of info.”[1] Worldwide Relations (IR) as a part of non-fiction is a research of info, empirical proof and information. Accordingly, information can sufficiently converse for themselves. In Designing Social Inquiry, King, Keohane and Verba outline information as “systematically collected components of details about the world”.[2] It leaves little room for creativeness and creativity. Nonetheless, in actuality, reality (out-there on this planet) and fiction (in right here) will not be completely separable, however mutually constitutive. Many atypical folks come to know worldwide relations indirectly by means of the info ‘on the market’ on this planet however relatively by means of on a regular basis common tradition, together with movie and fiction. The worldwide is on occasion narrated in and thru the fictional. The latter shapes and intersubjectively constructs how we expect and picture worldwide politics.
Take into account Star Wars. We all know (factual) “Star Wars” solely after we know (fictional) “Star Wars”. That’s, Ronald Reagan’s Strategic Protection Initiative (SDI) program (1983) shouldn’t be significant with out the Star Wars movie franchise, starting in 1977. Illustration is a part of actuality. By interrogating the inflexible dichotomy of reality/ fiction and bringing the fictional and common tradition again into the research of IR, this text argues that relatively than narrowly conceived as a methodological software of fiction writing, Fictional Worldwide Relations is a essential theoretical exploration and intervention that rethinks the fictional as an area of creativeness and narrative in addition to an area for emancipation.
The primary a part of this text examines and situates Fictional Worldwide Relations within the transdisciplinary subject of IR. The second half adumbrates the (meta)theoretical contributions of Fictional Worldwide Relations. Foregrounding in relational ontology, Fictional Worldwide Relations epistemologically exposes how fiction and movie are inextricably linked with the social and discursive building of actuality, particularly worldwide politics. In movie and fiction, the politics of identification and otherness in addition to the political illustration of associates and enemies are repetitively reproduced. Fictional Worldwide Relations grammatically constitutes the quotidian language of world politics. Taking cues from Michel Foucault and Edward Mentioned, Fictional Worldwide Relations has provided a strategy of contrapuntal studying and discourse evaluation. The third half then gives a contrapuntal and discursive studying of State of Terror (2021). It explores why and the way this novel critically destabilizes the highly effective troupe of reality/fiction binary, which can’t maintain and has been blurred. Lastly, the article concludes with a consideration of the guarantees and potentials of Fictional Worldwide Relations.
I
Within the final 20 years or so, IR has developed a extra vibrant and cutting-edged analysis on common tradition and international politics. Amongst others, Roland Bleiker and William Callahan pioneeringly introduce the visible or aesthetic flip in IR, which explores how photographs form the best way by which international politics works.[3] Bleiker places it properly:
We stay in a visible age. Photos form worldwide occasions and our understanding of them … However we nonetheless know far too little in regards to the exact position visuality performs within the realm of politics and worldwide relations … (Visible IR affords) a complete overview of and engagement with the position of visuality in politics and worldwide relations … That’s, to check a political engagement with the visible and a visible engagement with the political.[4]
Some students name for the autobiographical method to IR, by highlighting the significance of the self-reflexivity in analysis.[5] This method examines the shut and sophisticated interrelationships between theorizing and theorizer – henceforth, I/ IR.[6] IR constructs I and vice versa. All through the analysis practices and information manufacturing, I and IR are mutually constituted.
Within the subject of geopolitics, there are these whose works transcend the normal method and look at the interrelationship between common tradition and geopolitical illustration.[7] As a essential subject of research, common or essential geopolitics subsequently explores a way of how photographs and representations of world political geographies flow into inside and past nationwide political cultures. It addresses two elements: (1) the way by which political life is fused with the mass media; and (2) the totally different sort of media concerned in producing and circulating photographs of world politics whether or not it’s tv, radio, movie, and/or the web. Associated, numerous students similar to Cynthia Weber, Michael J. Shapiro, Klaus Dodds, William Callahan use movie as a essential strategies of educating worldwide politics.[8] We would name this group a cinematic IR.
If we map these distinctive turns within the research of IR, we are able to see the intersection between these 4 units of analysis, particularly visible, autobiographical, cinematic and fictional IR. Fictional Worldwide Relations might be seen as a broad church that features the primary three turns.
The importance of the fictional is ubiquitous. Even in mainstream IR idea, the fictional is just lately used as a metaphor. For example, the metaphor of zombies attacking the world is seen by Daniel Drezner as a metaphorical use for IR theoretical proof and relevance.[9] Nonetheless, Fictional Worldwide Relations distanciates and differentiates from mainstream IR within the sense that the fictional shouldn’t be merely a metaphorical software however an area of creativeness and critique.
II
Taking a cue from Sungju Park-Kang[10], I argue that Fictional Worldwide Relations is a essential theoretical exploration that takes the realm of creativeness and common tradition into critical consideration. In distinction with Park-Kang, Fictional Worldwide Relations shouldn’t be restricted as a methodological software of fiction writing. Fairly, it needs to be broadly conceived as a essential method/ ethos to rethinking the fictional as an area of creativeness and narrative that creates and shapes what’s the actual in international politics. Typically, the fictional is an area for modifications or emancipation, of all kinds.
Fictional Worldwide Relations has three (meta)theoretical contributions, as follows:
First, ontologically, it debunks the binary opposition between what’s fictional and what’s factual. It additionally questions how we see what’s actual or a actuality in world politics. The ontology of Fictional Worldwide Relations is common tradition, together with fiction and movie. It research each issues and non-things like fiction, movie, photographs, cartoons, video games, and digital. The fictional performs essential roles within the that means and practices of worldwide relations. As well as, Fictional Worldwide Relations ought to have interaction with relational ontology, that argues that relations precede the existence of issues.[11] It’s relations or relationality that represent how we see what’s actual on this planet. It’s neither the modifications on the market on this planet nor the modifications in right here (within the thoughts). However relatively the modifications in between. Merely put, relational ontology articulates changing into, relatively than being, at explicit crossroads of time and area.
Foregrounding in relational ontology, Fictional Worldwide Relations’ epistemologically will help us suppose deeper about ideas similar to reality, actuality and fact. It thereby contests and calls into query the imaginary boundary between reality and fiction.[12] First, the actual fact/ fiction dichotomy is a contemporary building. Solely within the 17th Century, the boundary was fictionally constructed. That’s, science and historical past was related to being true and truthful (henceforth, factual and actual) whereas fiction was related to being false (henceforth, nonfactual).[13] Earlier than that, the time period ‘novel’ meant one thing new. It had been used as each true and fictional occasions. The excellence between reality and fiction is a historic building or a fiction in itself.
Second, even the time period reality originated from the Latin verb facere, which implies ‘to do’, ‘to create’, ‘to characterize’, and even ‘to think about’ and ‘to invent’. In different phrases, reality (actuality) and fiction (creativeness) are inextricably interrelated and mutually constituted. In different phrases, Fictional Worldwide Relations exposes how fiction and movie are inextricably linked with the social and discursive building of actuality, particularly worldwide politics. In movie and fiction, the politics of identification and otherness in addition to the political illustration of associates and enemies are repetitively reproduced. Take into account the Soviet menace within the Chilly Conflict period or the Russian/ Chinese language assertiveness as we speak. Fictional Worldwide Relations grammatically constitutes the quotidian/ on a regular basis language of world politics.
Third, taking cues from Michel Foucault and Edward Mentioned, Fictional Worldwide Relations has provided a strategy of contrapuntal studying and discourse evaluation with a purpose to make sense of the world particularly the shut and sophisticated contours of reality and fiction. Analyzing discourses shouldn’t be merely a research of meanings however extra importantly a research of ‘sense-making’ practices. Discourses might be broadly outlined as ensembles of social practices, representations and interpretations by means of which sure regimes of fact, and their concomitant identities, are produced and reproduced in a selected historic context.[14] They’re inseparably related to social practices the place meanings are given to topics, objects and states’ behaviors, similar to diplomacy.
On this sense, the poststructural method of discourse evaluation is totally different from the constructivist method of concepts, identification and norms.[15] First, discourse shouldn’t be purely an concept. Fairly, it contains each concepts and materiality. In different phrases, discourse is all the time already a discursive observe par excellence. Second, identification shouldn’t be an a priori, inherently pre-given and goal entity, impartial from social context. Fairly, it’s socio-politically relational within the sense that it’s constructed by means of discursive practices in representing overseas coverage. Identification needs to be understood by way of identification or subjectivation that produced and reproduced subjectivity or topic positions in temporal and spatial contexts. Third, a norm shouldn’t be a normal or rule of applicable behaviors. Fairly, a norm is a normalizing course of. It defines what counts as ‘regular’ and ‘irregular’, ‘thinkable and ‘unthinkable’, in social practices together with overseas coverage practices.
Discourse evaluation might be complemented with Edward Mentioned’s contrapuntal studying. In his oft-cited guide, Tradition and Imperialism (1993), Mentioned proposed a brand new manner of studying literary texts: contrapuntal studying.[16] It entails ‘pondering by means of and deciphering collectively’ narratives from totally different elements of the world in direction of recovering ‘intertwined and overlapping histories’ of humankind.[17] As a essential technique, contrapuntal studying requires not solely studying the textual content by way of what it consists of, however by way of what has been excluded from it by going past the constraints of narration inside the terrain of mainstream IR and imperialism. The texts have to be located in mild of and inside a historic context and structural dependency. In accordance with Mentioned, this context implements the dogmatic side of imperialism, “the observe, the speculation, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan middle ruling a distant territory.”[18]
Within the first complete biography of Edward Mentioned, Timothy Brennan aptly summarizes that for Mentioned, “the fact ‘on the market’ is inaccessible with out shared conceptions communicated by phrases. All actuality for us, insofar as we’re human and never gods, is essentially mediated by language, despite the fact that that actuality could also be bodily impartial of our ideas”. “Actuality”, continues Brennan, “acquires its sense and form solely by means of the ideas we type of it, and this acquires its social that means solely in language. On this sense … ideas will not be secondary to actuality however constitutive of it”.[19]
Due to this fact, Fictional Worldwide Relations can learn fiction and movie by means of a contrapuntal viewpoint, by deconstructing and demystifying the discursive underpinnings of the texts in addition to debunking the imperialist/ neo-imperialist troupe of world politics. By doing so, it may render seen the choice and marginalized voices.
III
“State of Terror” (2021) is co-authored by former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and crime novelist Louise Penny.[20] This part explores why and the way this novel shouldn’t be merely and purely the results of the fictional. However relatively, exhibits how the novel critically destabilizes the highly effective troupe of reality/fiction dichotomy (Secretary of State Clinton/ fictional Madam Secretary), which can’t maintain and has been blurred. This studying exposes many key themes in American energy and worldwide relations, as follows (all emphases are mine):
On former US president:
“Former President Eric Dunn, that’s who. Recognized to even, maybe particularly, his closest associates as Eric the Dumb. However this went past dumb into deranged” (115).
On the deep state and the state of overseas coverage:
Secretary of State Ellen Adams: “I don’t have time to waste, so listed here are the bullet factors. The previous administration screwed up every part it touched. It poisoned the effectively, poisoned {our relationships}. We’re the chief of the free world in title solely. That efficient intelligence community you’re so happy with not exists. Our allies mistrust us. Those that’d do us hurt are circling. And we let it occur. We allow them to in. Russia. The Chinese language. That madman in North Korea. And right here, within the administration, in positions of affect? And even the lower-level staff? Can we actually belief that they’re doing a great job?” (p 80).
“Deep State,” stated the Director of Nationwide Intelligence.
Ellen Adams: It’s not depth we have to fear about, it’s width. It’s in all places. 4 years of hiring, of selling, of rewarding individuals who’d say and do something to prop up a deranged President has left us susceptible (p 80).
In different phrases, there was no such factor because the Deep State. There was nothing “deep” about it. Nothing hidden. Profession workers and political appointees wandered the halls and sat in conferences and shared bogs and tables within the cafeterias (p 51).
On America’s international management:
“A strong message was being despatched to associates and foes alike. Of continuity, of power, of resolve and function. That the harm carried out by the previous administration can be repaired. That America was again” (p 14).
On the alliance system:
Because the Secretary of State, Ellen Adams “was able to rebuild bridges to allies after the near-criminal incompetence of the previous administration. She may mend important relationships or lay down warnings to unfriendly nations. Those who may need hurt in thoughts and the flexibility to hold it out” (p 3).
On Iran:
Basic Whitehead, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Employees: “the Dunn administration pulled out of the nuclear accord with Iran. It was a horrible mistake. It closed Iran to all inspection, all scrutiny, of their weapons program.” … “It was carried out with no plan, with out getting something in return. Nothing was put in place to ensure all of the good points, the hard-won stability, our intelligence and counterintelligence and counterterrorism capabilities can be maintained. Below the Dunn plan a vacuum was created. One the Taliban is comfortable to fill.” (177).
On the American withdrawal from Afghanistan:
“With the People gone, the Taliban, after being given secure haven for years in Pakistan, would once more take energy in Afghanistan. And with them would come their allies, in some methods their worldwide navy arm: Al-Qaeda.”
“It was an Al-Qaeda intent on hurting the West. Particularly intent on revenge in opposition to the US for the killing of Osama bin Laden. They’d pledged it, and now, with the assistance of Bashir Shah and the Russian mafia, with the American withdrawal from Afghanistan and the reemergence of the Taliban, they’d be able to hold the menace by means of, and in a extra spectacular, extra damaging trend than they’d dreamed attainable.”
“A terrorist group may do what a authorities couldn’t. A authorities was topic to worldwide scrutiny and sanctions. A terrorist group was not.” (pp 366–367).
On Libya:
“Colonel Gaddafi was satisfied to surrender his nuclear weapons,” the Navy Secretary defined.
“And the following factor , Libya’s invaded, and Gaddafi’s overthrown and killed. Nobody on this area has missed that lesson. Any nation with a nuclear weapon is secure. Nobody would dare assault. Any nation with out nuclear functionality is susceptible. It’s suicide to surrender their weapons.”
“The stability of terror,” stated Ellen.
“The stability of energy, Madame Secretary,” stated the [Pakistani] Prime Minister with a benign smile. (p 373).
On Russia, Russia is seen as “predatory and unpredictable” (p. 226) and “unstable, fickle.” (p. 229).
Russian President Maxim Ivanov is “a ruthless tyrant, schooled in oppression each delicate and merciless.” “Whereas Eric Dunn had a pure intuition for different folks’s weaknesses, what he didn’t have was calculation. He was far too lazy for that. However this man? This man calculated every part, with a coldness that will have given Siberia a chill.” (p 420).
“It’s by no means admitted, however nothing occurs with out the Russian President having a hand in it. Nobody may get these weapons, that fissile materials, with out his approval. He’s made billions.”
“The Russian President made the oligarchs. He gave them wealth and energy. He managed them. And so they managed the mob.
“The Russian mafia was the thread connecting all the weather. Iran. … Al-Qaeda. Pakistan.” (p 394).
The novel asks the elemental query in worldwide relations, what’s the state of terror? In accordance with Clinton and Penny,
“Given a selection between bedlam and a dictatorship, what do you suppose the American folks will select? Pushed by concern of one other assault, in a state of terror, they’ll do the terrorists’ work for them. They’ll destroy their very own freedoms. Settle for, even applaud, the suspension of rights. Internment camps. Torture. Expulsions.”
“The liberal agenda, girls’s equality, homosexual marriage, immigrants, will probably be blamed for the dying of the true America. However due to the daring motion of a patriotic few, the white Anglo-Saxon Christian, God-fearing America of their grandparents will probably be restored. And in the event that they should slaughter just a few thousand to realize it, effectively, it’s battle, in spite of everything. The beacon that was America will die, by suicide. Frankly it was coughing up blood anyway.” (p 451).
Within the state of terror, torture is to a sure extent justifiable for the US. Because the novel places it succinctly:
“Ellen, who’d been appalled by the brutality of “enhanced interrogations,” now discovered inside herself a deep effectively of situational ethics. If torture would get the knowledge out of him [the suspect], may save 1000’s of lives, then carry it on.”
“You possibly can’t do it, are you able to. The top doesn’t justify the means . . .”
“The top is outlined by the means,” stated Ellen … “There are higher, sooner methods than torture. We all know that underneath torture folks will say something to make it cease. Not essentially the reality.” (p 320-1).
Due to this fact, Clinton and Penny’s fictional Madam Secretary and the true life Secretary of State Hillary Clinton will not be totally different figuratively. Clinton as an writer and former Secretary of State perceives or precisely constructs the state of worldwide affairs. Studying contrapuntally, the US shouldn’t be merely a state of liberty however a brand new empire in a state of terror.
IV
Accessing visible tradition by means of common movie [and fiction] permits us to contemplate the connections between IR idea and our on a regular basis lives. Utilizing common movie [and fiction] on this manner helps us to get a way of the each connections between ‘the favored’ and ‘the political’. – Cynthia Weber[21]
By exposing and problematizing the actual fact/ fiction binary opposition, Fictional Worldwide Relations gives us promising analysis in transdisclinary and transversal self-discipline of IR. Fairly constructing a separate self-discipline with totally different theoretical ‘campfires’, IR could make a constructive dialogue and debate with different disciplines, similar to movie research, cinematography, literature and literary research and so forth. Fictional Worldwide Relations is a (meta)theoretical bridge-builder by way of information co-production and studying.
Ontologically, Fictional Worldwide Relations examines what’s the issues and non-things in international politics. It debunks the dichotomy of what’s ‘on the market’/ outdoors and what’s ‘in right here’/ inside our thoughts. Issues and non-things are formed by an interstitial area of in-between. The ontology is relational ontology, that relations precede and prevail over the existence of issues.
Epistemologically, Fictional Worldwide Relations appears to be like at how and the methods by which issues and non-things are discursively constituted in and thru intersubjective illustration and practices in addition to energy/information. Methodologically, it presents a contrapuntal studying and manner of seeing. It takes problem with the standard knowledge of positivist methodology. Fictional Worldwide Relations additionally adopts the discourse evaluation to critically interrogate the discursive framing and illustration of identification and distinction. Praxeologically, it contributes to how we place ourselves in a socio-political world. It opens the area of creativeness. The creativeness is on the coronary heart of what it means to be human. Fictional Worldwide Relations additionally foregrounds ourselves in empathic analysis ethos. Ethically and politically, empathy is a vicarious identification with different human beings and the world. Being empathetic is to place us into others’ sneakers, to situate ourselves inside others’ locations and positions. We will really feel for and perceive different human beings.
Therefore, Fictional Worldwide Relations is an ethic of critique and important creativeness in addition to an ethic of political duty. In opposition to this backdrop, we’re conscious of our epistemic limitation and incomplete figuring out. As social science researchers, we should not have to faux to be goal and impartial, whose feelings and emotions are totally uncared for.
From the Fictional Worldwide Relations viewpoint, information can’t and can by no means converse for themselves. They aren’t value-free. Knowledge are fashioned and framed by means of energy/ information in numerous spatial and temporal contexts. They’re all the time views from someplace. Vital and Fictional IR could make us reflexively conscious of those aforementioned standpoints. As a essential IR theorizer, I’m nearly all the time impressed and influenced by the fictional. In Tokyo Specific (1958), Seicho Matsumoto places it properly:
All of us fall prey to preconceptions that make us take sure issues with no consideration. It is a harmful factor. Our slavish reliance on our personal widespread sense creates a blind spot.[22]
A blind spot of widespread sense must be traversed and transcended by counterpoints and contrapuntal studying. Vital IR basically and Fictional IR particularly needs to be extrapolated as theoretical explorations and unfinished journeys, relatively than locations. Following the perception from Kenneth Boulding, a famend peace analysis theorist, “we’re as we’re as a result of we obtained that manner”.[23]
The way forward for IR lies within the intersectionality of reality, fiction and movie. The best way ahead shouldn’t be solely to construct World IR[24] but in addition to problematize World IR analysis and to see this intersectionality in essential and imaginative methods.[25] In different phrases, we have to stretch ourselves not solely past Western centrism however extra importantly past the epistemic fallacy and particularly reality/fiction dichotomy. That is largely as a result of IR is at first about methods of revisioning, referring to and reinventing world politics. It’s a seek for “understanding different folks’s emotions, making relationships between oneself and the world”.[26] Fictional Worldwide Relations seeks to develop an empathic and vicarious worldview by imagining being in different’s locations and positions. Being imaginative and being empathic permits the open-ended view of human potentials and potentialities.
Footnotes
[1] Bertrand Russell, Reality and Fiction (London: Routledge, 1961), 120. For Russell, “there are two sorts of info to be borne in thoughts. There are what may be referred to as onerous info, involved with armaments, dangers of unintended battle, Western obligations to West Berlin, Russian tyranny in Hungary, and so forth. There are additionally what, compared, could also be referred to as delicate info.
These encompass the hopes and fears which have impressed actions which have elevated hostility. There’s a continuous inter-action between these two units of info, and to debate which set ought to come first could seem to be the previous downside of the hen and the egg. I believe, nonetheless, {that a} smaller effort is required to alter the delicate info than to alter the onerous ones, and that the best strategy to change the onerous info is to deal with the delicate info first” (208).
[2] Gary King, Robert Keohane, and Sidney Verba, Designing Social Inquiry (Princeton: Princeton College Press, 1994).
[3] See Roland Bleiker, ed., Visible World Politics (London: Routledge, 2018); Roland Bleiker, “The Aesthetic Flip in Worldwide Political Concept”, Millennium: Journal of Worldwide Research, Vol. 30: No. 3 (2001), 509-533; Roland Bleiker, Aesthetics and World Politics (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); William A. Callahan, “The Visible Flip in IR: Documentary Filmmaking as a Vital Methodology”, Millennium: Journal of Worldwide Research, Vol. 43: No. 3 (2015), 891–910; William A. Callahan, Wise Politics: Visualizing Worldwide Relations (Oxford: Oxford College Press, 2020).
[4] Roland Bleiker, “Mapping Visible World Politics”, in Vitual World Politics (London: Routledge, 2018), 1.
[5] See Naeem Inayatullah, eds., Autobiographical Worldwide Relations: I, IR (London: Routledge, 2011); Naeem Inayatullah and Elizabeth Dauphinee, eds., Narrative World Politics: Concept, Historical past and the Private in Worldwide Relations (London: Routledge, 2016); Elizabeth Dauphinee, The Politics of Exile (London: Routledge, 2013).
[6] Ken Sales space, “Safety and Self: Reflections of a Fallen Realist”, in Vital Safety Research: Ideas and Instances, eds. Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams (London: UCL Press, 1997), 83-119.
[7] See Gearóid ó Tuathail, Vital Geopolitics (London: Routledge, 1997); Klaus Dodds, World Geopolitics: A Vital Introduction (London: Routledge, 2005); Klaus Dodds, Merje Kuus, and Joanne Sharp, eds., The Ashgate Analysis Companion to Vital Geopolitics (London: Routledge, 2013).
[8] See Cynthia Weber, “The highs and lows of educating IR idea: Utilizing common movie for theoretical critique”, Worldwide Research Views, Vol. 2 (2001), 281-287; Cynthia Weber, Worldwide Relations Concept: A Vital Introduction, 5th Version (London: Routledge 2021); Michael J. Shapiro, Cinematic Geopolitics (London: Routledge, 2009); Klaus Dodds, “ ‘Have You Seen Any Good Movie These days?’ Geopolitics, Worldwide Relations and Movie”, Geography Compass, Vol. 2: No. 2 (2008): 476-494; William A. Callahan, “The Visible Flip in IR: Documentary Filmmaking as a Vital Methodology”, Millennium: Journal of Worldwide Research, Vol. 43: No. 3 (2015), 891–910.
[9] Daniel W. Drezner, Theories of Worldwide Politics and Zombies, Revived Version (Princeton: Princeton College Press, 2015).
[10] Sungju Park-Kang, “Fictional IR and Creativeness: Advancing Narrative Method”, Overview of Worldwide Research, Vol. 41: No. 2 (2015), 361-381; Sungju Park-Kang, Fictional Worldwide Relations: Gender, Ache and fact (London: Routledge, 2014).
[11] See Chengxin Pan, “Towards a brand new relational ontology in international politics: China’s rise as holographic transition”, Worldwide Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Vol. 18: No. 3 (2018), 339-367; Yaqing Qin, A Relational Concept of World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge College Press, 2018); Emilian Kavalski, The Quanxi of Relational Worldwide Concept (London: Routledge, 2018); Milja Kurki, “Relational revolution and relationality in IR: New conversations”, Overview of Worldwide Research (2021), 1-16.
[12] On the binary relationship between reality and fiction, see Richard Ned Lebow, Forbidden Fruit: Counterfactuals and Worldwide Relations (Princeton: Princeton College Press 2010), 276-283.
[13] Sungju Park-Kang, “Fictional IR and Creativeness: Advancing Narrative Method”, Overview of Worldwide Research, Vol. 41: No. 2 (2015), 362.
[14] Jennifer Milliken, “The Research of Discourse in Worldwide Relations: A Critique of Analysis and Strategies”, European Journal of Worldwide Relations, Vol. 5: No. 2 (1999), 233, 236.
[15] See Lene Hansen, Safety as Observe: Discourse Evaluation and the Bosnian Conflict (London and New York: Routledge, 2006); Charlotte Epstein, “Who Speaks? Discourse, the Topic and the Research of Identification in Worldwide Politics”, European Journal of Worldwide Relations, Vol. 17: No. 2 (2011), 327-50; Maja Zehfuss, “Constructivism and Identification: A Harmful Liaison”, European Journal of Worldwide Relations, Vol. 7: No. 3 (2001), 315-8.
[16] See Geeta Chowdhry, “Edward Mentioned and Contrapuntal Studying: Implications for Vital Interventions in Worldwide Relations”, Millennium: Journal of Worldwide Research, Vol.36: No.1 (2007), 101-116; Pinar Bilgin, “ ‘Contrapuntal Studying’ as a Methodology, Ethos, and a Metaphor for World IR”, Worldwide Research Overview, Vol. 18 (2016), 134-146.
[17] Edward Mentioned, Tradition and Imperialism (London: Penguin, 1993), 32.
[18] Mentioned, Tradition and Imperialism, 28.
[19] Timothy Brenana, Locations of Thoughts: A Lifetime of Edward Mentioned (London: Bloomsbury, 2021), 206.
[20] Hillary Clinton and Louise Penny, State of Terror (London: Penguin Books, 2021).
[21] Cynthia Weber, Worldwide Relations Concept: A Vital Introduction, 5th Version (London: Routledge 2021), 9.
[22] Seicho Matsumoto, Tokyo Specific, trans. Jesse Kirkwood (London: Penguin Books, 2022 [1958]), 138.
[23] Quoted in Sales space, “Safety and Self: Reflections of a Fallen Realist”, 101.
[24] Amitav Acharya, “Advancing World IR: Challenges, Contentions, and Contributions”, Worldwide Research Overview, Vol. 18: No. 1 (2016), 4-15
[25] See Kullada Kesboonchoo Mead and Jittipat Poonkham, “The Finish of Thai Worldwide Relations? A plea for the empirical foundations of essential idea”, in Worldwide Relations as a Self-discipline in Thailand (London: Routledge, 2018), 240-258.
[26] Park-Kang, “Fictional IR and Creativeness: Advancing Narrative Method”, 381.
Additional Studying on E-Worldwide Relations
