Hedge funds are sometimes marketed as high-return, low-correlation investments that may present diversification advantages to conventional portfolios. Buyers should look past the advertising and marketing pitch, nevertheless, to totally perceive the dangers concerned. Leverage, quick promoting, and derivatives can introduce hidden vulnerabilities, whereas payment constructions might encourage methods that generate regular features however expose traders to occasional deep losses.
This submit is the second in a three-part sequence inspecting hedge fund literature to evaluate their dangers and their diversification potential and providing insights on when and the way they could match into an funding technique. In my first submit, I present that the analysis suggests talent and alpha are scarce and tough to acquire within the hedge fund market, particularly amongst these listed in industrial databases.
Hedge Fund Dangers
Because of the permitted use of leverage, quick promoting, and spinoff product methods, some hedge funds are extremely unstable. Their uneven payment constructions additionally incentivize the adoption of funding methods with negatively skewed outcomes and excessive kurtosis. In different phrases, many hedge funds are likely to ship modest common earnings — presumably to generate efficiency charges — at the price of occasional deep losses.
Hedge funds utilizing leverage additionally bear financing threat, which materializes when the fund’s important lender ceases to supply financing, requiring the fund to seek out one other lender or liquidate property to repay its debt. Buyers ought to pay shut consideration to financing threat. Financing threat is important, as Barth et al. (2023) report that just about half of hedge fund property are financed with debt.
Additionally essential is liquidity threat, which materializes when too many traders redeem their shares concurrently. This threat is especially critical for hedge funds holding comparatively illiquid property. Beneath a excessive redemption state of affairs, the fund might must promote its most liquid, highest-quality property first, leaving the remaining traders with a much less useful portfolio, resulting in extra redemptions.
Beneath one other state of affairs, the supervisor might freeze redemptions to stop a liquidation spiral. Hedge funds typically cut back liquidity threat by imposing an preliminary lock-up interval. Whereas such restrictions hamper traders’ means to eliminate their funding at will, Aiken et al. (2020) counsel hedge funds with a lock-up are likely to outperform on account of their increased publicity to equity-mispricing anomalies.
Diversification Properties
Analysis typically acknowledges modest diversification advantages with hedge funds. Amin and Kat (2009) discovered that seven of the 12 hedge fund indices reviewed and 58 of the 72 particular person funds categorized as inefficient on a stand-alone foundation can produce an environment friendly payoff profile when blended with the S&P 500 Index. Kang et al. (2010) discovered that the longer the funding horizon, the larger the diversification advantages of hedge funds.
Titman and Tiu (2011) studied a complete pattern of hedge funds from six databases and concluded that low R-squared funds exhibit increased Sharpe Ratios, data ratios, and alphas than their rivals. In different phrases, low-correlation hedge funds are likely to ship increased risk-adjusted returns.
Bollen (2013) additionally checked out low R-squared hedge funds and got here to a unique conclusion. He constructed giant portfolios of a number of zero R-squared hedge funds. He discovered that these portfolios have as much as half the volatility of different hedge funds, suggesting that, regardless of appearances, zero R-squared hedge funds might characteristic substantial systematic threat. The creator additionally finds that the low R-squared property will increase the likelihood of fund failure.
Brown (2016) claims that hedge funds are reliable diversifiers, however investing in any such product with out deep operational due diligence is outright harmful. Newton et al. (2019) reviewed 5,500 North American hedge funds that adopted 11 distinct methods from 1995 to 2014. They report that six methods “present important and constant diversification advantages to traders, no matter their stage of threat aversion.” 4 methods provide extra average advantages, and just one technique doesn’t enhance portfolio diversification. Apparently, their measure of diversification advantages accounts for skewness and kurtosis.
Lastly, Bollen et al. (2021) discovered that regardless of a extreme decline of their efficiency since 2008, a 20% allocation to hedge funds nonetheless reduces portfolio volatility however fails to enhance Sharpe Ratios. They conclude {that a} modest allocation to hedge funds could also be justified for risk-averse traders on account of their dependable diversification advantages.
Past Conventional Threat Measures
Analysis reveals that hedge funds may help diversify portfolios. Nevertheless, traders mustn’t oversimplify the difficulty. First, conventional threat measures like customary deviation and correlation are incomplete. Skewness and kurtosis have to be measured or estimated not directly. Merchandise with low historic customary deviation might cover the opportunity of occasional excessive losses or a detrimental anticipated return. Buyers should totally perceive the fund’s funding technique and the way it might behave beneath hostile situations. Buyers should additionally replicate on what threat means beneath their particular circumstances. Sacrificing an excessive amount of anticipated return for diversification might hurt monetary well being in the long term.
Key Takeaways
Hedge funds can function reliable diversifiers, however blind allocation is dangerous. Whereas sure methods have proven constant diversification advantages, others introduce financing, liquidity and excessive loss dangers that traders should consider rigorously. Conventional threat measures like customary deviation and correlation don’t at all times seize the total image — skewness, kurtosis, and tail-risk publicity are important concerns.
My closing submit on this sequence will clarify why I don’t advocate hedge funds.
