The biggest U.S. banks are facing tougher competition for deposits and shelling out more to keep them. That doesn’t bode well for their smaller peers.
America’s regional lenders begin reporting second-quarter earnings this week after months of upheaval laid bare a collection of balance sheet weaknesses that took out a handful of them. Some, like KeyCorp and Zions Bancorp, have already warned of revenue declines amid deposit pricing pressures, but the acknowledgment Friday by JPMorgan Chase, Wells Fargo and Citigroup that they’re facing such pressures underscores the toll it could take on their smaller, often less-diversified rivals.
Regional banks have been in a battle with higher interest rates that’s forced them to pay more on customer funds while eroding the value of bonds they once saw as a reliable source of liquidity. For some, the pressures were too much: Silicon Valley Bank, Signature Bank and First Republic failed while others scrambled to shore up funds as spooked depositors yanked their cash. PacWest, for one, embarked on a series of asset sales as it weighed strategic options.
The prospect of a further rate increase this month offers little sign of a reprieve from those pressures, prompting analysts to forecast some tough results. Adding to the pain is the likelihood that smaller or midsize banks will be subject to more stringent regulation amid proposals by the Federal Reserve’s top banking regulator Michael Barr in the wake of those recent bank failures.
“As we go through earnings season, the attention is going to shift back from deposit levels to deposit costs, and the attention is going to shift back to net interest income,” Morgan Stanley analyst Manan Gosalia said in an interview. “These things are heading the wrong way.”
Interest expenses at banks have been rising as they strive to hold onto depositors seeking a bigger cut of the Fed’s rate hikes. Citigroup is increasing what it pays out, Chief Financial Officer Mark Mason said after the bank reported earnings. At Wells Fargo and JPMorgan, interest expenses climbed a staggering 465% at each of the firms in the second quarter.
And they might not quite be hitting that goal to keep hold of deposits yet, either: Deposits had slipped at Wells Fargo and Citigroup by the end of the second quarter from the end of March. They would have been down at JPMorgan, too, but for its rescue purchase of First Republic Bank in May.
Cleveland-based KeyCorp said in June that its net interest income would probably drop 12% this quarter — worse than the 4% to 5% it previously forecast — as the lender pays more to hold onto depositors.
Zions Bancorp, based in Salt Lake City, Utah, also said its net interest margin will fall this quarter. The figure, which compares how much a bank earns on loans with what it pays depositors, will shrink to about 2.85% from 3.33% in the first three months of 2023, it said in June.
“From a fundamental perspective, the outlook is challenging,” Goldman Sachs Group analysts led by Ryan Nash wrote in a note. “Deposits are shrinking, deposit costs continue to rise more than expected, mix shift out of noninterest bearing is likely to continue and asset re-pricing benefits are not enough to offset the pressure.”
The KBW Regional Banking Index is down 21% this year, in a first half where short sellers betting against the lenders piled into the sector sparking waves of volatility.
‘Significant headwind’
As the turmoil that began with Silvergate Capital escalated into a crisis of confidence among depositors, many regional banks have been forced to rely on more costly or less sticky sources of funding, which in turn harms profitability. For some, these costs didn’t start rising until late in the quarter, meaning investors are yet to see what the landscape of higher funding costs looks like.
“We expect banks are also using higher-cost brokered CDs to supplement organic deposit growth,” Morgan Stanley analysts led by Gosalia wrote in a note. “We view accelerating deposit costs, not accelerating deposit outflows, as the most significant headwind to earnings for the next several quarters.”
An additional headwind to lending activity for some regional banks could come from regulators. The Federal Reserve’s Barr is proposing changes that would require banks to hold more capital to weather economic turbulence.
The changes would also lower the threshold for firms subject to the rules to include banks or bank holding companies with more than $100 billion in assets. Currently, such restrictions only apply to firms that are globally active or have $700 billion or more in assets, Barr said earlier this month.
Another pressure point is regional banks’ exposure to commercial real estate, assets which have been battered by rising interest rates just as the pandemic emptied offices. According to Fitch Ratings, banks with less than $100 billion in assets are more vulnerable to those headwinds, given their higher exposure as a percentage of assets and total capital, the ratings firm wrote in May.
“With respect to real estate, regional banks are especially exposed not so much to value or even to credit risk as much as they are just to rate risk,” Gavriel Kahane, chief executive officer and co-founder of real estate investor Arkhouse, said in an interview.
To an extent that there’s a need for liquidity, “banks will need to realize out of these longer-term assets to meet those short-term liabilities and deposit withdrawals — and that could really cascade into a big problem,” he said.
Bloomberg’s Bre Bradham and Paige Smith contributed to this report.
