GrafTech International Ltd. (NYSE:EAF) Q4 2023 Results Conference Call February 14, 2024 10:00 AM ET
Company Participants
Mike Dillon – Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Communications
Tim Flanagan – Chief Financial Officer
Jeremy Halford – Chief Operating Officer
Catherine Delgado – Interim Chief Financial Officer
Conference Call Participants
Matthew Vittorioso – Jefferies
Bill Peterson – JPMorgan
Alex Hacking – Citi
Arun Viswanathan – RBC Capital Markets
Curt Woodworth – UBS
Ab Landa – Bank of America
Operator
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the GrafTech Fourth Quarter 2023 Earnings Conference Call and Webcast. [Operator Instructions] This call is being recorded on Wednesday, February 14, 2024.
I would now like to turn the conference over to Mr. Mike Dillon, Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Communications. Thank you. Please go ahead.
Mike Dillon
Thank you. Good morning, and welcome to GrafTech International’s earnings call for the fourth quarter and full year of 2023.
On with me today, are Tim Flanagan, Interim Chief Executive Officer; Jeremy Halford, Chief Operating Officer; and Catherine Delgado, Interim Chief Financial Officer. Tim will begin with opening comments, Jeremy will then discuss safety, the commercial environment, sales and operational matters. Catherine will review our quarterly results and other financials, and Tim will close with comments on our outlook. We will then open the call to questions.
Turning to our next slide. As a reminder, some of the matters discussed in this call may include forward-looking statements regarding, among other things, performance, trends and strategy. These statements are based on current expectations and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by forward-looking statements are shown here.
We will also discuss certain non-GAAP financial measures, and these slides include the relevant non-GAAP reconciliations. You can find these slides in the Investor Relations section of our website at www.graftech.com. A replay of the call will also be available on our website.
I’ll now turn the call over to Tim.
Tim Flanagan
Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining GrafTech’s fourth quarter earnings call.
Let me begin by acknowledging a simple fact. To operate in a cyclical industry and find ourselves in a challenging part of that cycle, for our industry and for our business. And our results have fallen short of our expectations.
Yet our optimism about the long-term prospects of our company remain intact. On this call, we will discuss the actions we are taking in response to the cyclical downturn in demand, which include optimizing our footprint and improving our cost structure, as well as the reasons for our long-term positive outlook. With that backdrop, I will start with the macro environment, which continues to be impacted by economic uncertainty and geopolitical conflict.
This includes the ongoing impact of above-target inflation combined high-risk interest rate environment. In addition, there are multiple active military conflicts globally as well as strain geopolitical relations all of which are contributing to expanding disruptions in commercial trade. These and other factors are having a significant impact on the economic performance and outlook for many regions.
For example, in the EU which is collectively the world’s third largest economy and a key region for our business, 2023 represented another year of low industrial production and weak economic conditions, which are expected to continue for the foreseeable future.
These factors have contributed to a constrained global steel industry, which has resulted in persistently soft demand for graphite electrodes. Further, graphite electrode prices remain weak, and the industry has suffered from low capacity utilization. In his comments, Jeremy will elaborate on both of these dynamics.
As weak demand played out in 2023, GrafTech was also pressured by the impact of a temporary suspension at our Mexican operations in late 2022. We also experienced ongoing cost pressures, partially due to low capacity utilization. In response, we took a number of steps to help us navigate the headwinds focusing on those things within our control.
Our actions included proactively reducing our production volume to align with our demand outlook, closely managing our costs, capital expenditures and working capital levels and at the same time, making targeted investments to further improve our operational flexibility and product offerings.
And the impact in 2023 was significant. Our initiatives to manage working capital led to more than $100 million of inventory reduction over the course of the year, resulting in positive free cash flow for 2023. Further, our efforts to reduce costs nearly drove a 10% decline in our 2023 period costs. However, as we enter 2024, the softness in the commercial environment persists and in response, we must take additional action.
This morning, we announced the implementation of a cost rationalization and a footprint optimization plan. This is a set of initiatives designed to reduce our cost structure and optimize our manufacturing footprint, while at the same time, preserving our ability to deliver excellent customer service and to capitalize on the long-term growth opportunities.
Let me briefly walk through the three key elements of the program.
First, we are indefinitely suspending most of the production activities at our St. Marys facility as well as indefinitely certain assets within our remaining graphite electrode manufacturing footprint. As you know, last year, we announced our intentions to restart production at St. Marys as a primary component of our pin supply risk mitigation strategy. Since then, we have significantly advanced other elements of that strategy.
Specifically, we proactively built up our pin stock inventory to exceed historical levels and proved out the capability of Pamplona to be a secondary facility for pin stock production. Thereby giving us pin production capabilities on two different continents. With the advancement in these areas, we can adapt to the current environment and align costs and production with demand, while remaining confident that our supply chains are well-positioned to meet the needs of our customers in all regions.
Second, we are implementing actions that will reduce the company’s overhead structure and expenses. This includes a thorough review of all our corporate and support functions globally to ensure we have the right structure and resources moving forward.
Third, we will continue to operate our remaining graphite electrode production facilities at reduced levels as needed in response to weak market conditions, there aligning our production with our evolving demand outlook.
These actions will drive several key outcomes. Specifically, the suspension of production at St. Marys and the reduction in corporate overhead will drive $25 million in annualized cost savings once fully implemented by the end of the second quarter, excluding the impact of onetime costs, which are estimated to be approximately $5 million.
Further, the indefinite idling of certain led efficient assets across our remaining graphite electrode manufacturing footprint will reduce our stated capacity on a go-forward basis from 202,000 metric tons to 178,000 metric tons, a reduction of 12%.
In light of current economic conditions and behaviors of others in the market, we view this as a prudent step. At the same time, it preserves our ability to meet our customers’ needs and gives us the flexibility to respond to future upswings in the market. Lastly, these actions will support our efforts to further reduce inventory levels and manage working capital and capital expenditures in 2024.
For all the reasons I’ve noted, we believe these are the right steps for the long-term health of our business. While the focus of my discussion today is on near-term headwinds and how we are responding, it’s important not to lose sight of the fact that we operate in an industry with substantial long-term tailwinds. These include the expectations that the steel industry decarbonization efforts will continue to drive continued share growth for electric arc furnace methodic steel production, thereby driving increased graphite electrode demand.
In addition, demand for petroleum needle coke, the key raw material we use to produce graphite electrodes is expected to accelerate driven by its use to produce synthetic graphite for the anode portion of lithium ion batteries used in the electrical vehicle market. GrafTech possesses a number of unique competitive advantages that support our ability to capitalize on these trends. These include the substantial vertical integration into petroleum needle coke as well as a distinct set of capabilities, which supports a compelling customer value proposition.
For all of these reasons, GrafTech is well-positioned to benefit from future growth opportunities and create shareholder value. I’ll revisit these topics at the end of our prepared remarks. But first, let me turn the call over to Jeremy, followed by Catherine as they provide more color around our results and near-term outlook.
Jeremy Halford
Thank you, Tim, and good morning, everyone.
As always, I’ll start my comments with a brief update on our safety performance, which is a core value at GrafTech. We are encouraged that our 2023 recordable incident rate improved significantly from the prior year level and places us among the top operators in the broader manufacturing industry. Improvement in this area was a key point of emphasis with our internal teams in 2023, and I would like to thank all of our team members for their efforts. Yet we must continue to do better, and we will not be satisfied until we achieve our ultimate goal of zero injuries.
Let me now turn to the next slide to provide more color on current macro conditions and the commercial environment.
Steel industry production outside of China continues to be constrained by weak demand due to global economic uncertainty. Compounding this has been the impact of steel exports from China, which reached a multiyear high in 2023. Looking at data recently published by the World Steel Association, on a global basis, steel production outside of China was approximately 831 million tons in 2023.
While this level of production was in line with 2022 in total, there was a significant divergence among regions. In 2023, steel production increased 12% in India and 6% in China — Russia. However, this growth was offset by declines in most of our key commercial regions. Specifically, steel output in Europe declined 7% in 2023 as the ongoing slowdown in industrial production, subdued market demand and high energy costs continue to weigh on steel production.
In the Americas, steel production was down 3% in 2023 despite output in the U.S., the largest steel producer in that region being flat year-over-year. As we move through the early part of 2024, we believe that a significant amount of global economic uncertainty remains as an overhang on steel demand and production in the near-term. This, in turn, has resulted in ongoing industry-wide softness for graphite electrode demand. In addition, recent changes in competitive dynamics are having a further impact on graphite electrode pricing.
First, despite the weak demand environment, we continue to see a healthy level of electrode exports from certain countries, including India and China into nontariff protected regions such as the Middle East. These are typically lower priced electrodes with prices continuing to decline further of late.
Second, given these export dynamics, we continue to see a knock-on pricing effect in tariff-protected countries, such as within the — as Tier 1 competitors have continued to lower pricing in these regions to support volume. As Tim will expand on during his closing comments, we view this as transitory changes in the competitive landscape. However, these are nevertheless dynamics that we must manage in the near-term. With that background, let’s turn to the next slide for more details on how these factors have impacted our results and how we are responding.
Our production and sales volume for the fourth quarter of 2023 were both approximately 24,000 metric tons. A key focus throughout 2023 was to proactively manage production volume to align with our evolving demand outlook, and we were pleased with our team’s execution of this strategy. Fourth quarter shipments included approximately 5,000 metric tons sold under our LTAs at a weighted average realized price of $8,500 per metric ton. And 19,000 metric tons of non-LTA sales at a weighted average realized price of approximately $4,800 per metric ton.
This weighted average price for non-LTA sales represents a more than 20% year-over-year decline and a sequential decline from the third quarter of more than 10%, reflecting the pricing dynamics I referenced.
Net sales in the fourth quarter of 2023 decreased 45% compared to — the ongoing shift in the mix of our business from LTA to non-LTA volume was the key driver of the year-over-year decline with lower overall volume and pricing also contributing. For the reasons already mentioned, we expect industry-wide demand for graphite electrodes in the near-term will remain weak and pricing pressures to persist in most regions. In response, we are taking the actions that Tim outlined in his comments. In addition, we are being selective in the commercial opportunities we are choosing to pursue with a focus on competing responsibly.
We believe that we provide a compelling value proposition to our customers and we can compete on more than just price. Our value proposition includes a strategically positioned manufacturing footprint that provides operational flexibility and reach to key steelmaking regions. Being the only large-scale graphite electrode producer that is substantially vertically integrated into petroleum needle coke, offering access to the architect furnace productivity system and customer technical services at no incremental cost to the customer, and a focus on continually expanding our commercial and product offerings.
For example, we remain on track to add 800-millimeter supersized electrodes to our portfolio by the end of 2024 to serve a small but growing segment of the UHP graphite electrode market. As always, we remain relentlessly committed to producing the highest quality graphite electrodes and meeting the needs of our customers now and in the future.
Let me now turn it over to Catherine to cover the rest of our financial details.
Catherine Delgado
Thank you, Jeremy, and good morning to all.
We had a net loss of $217 million or $0.85 per share. This included a goodwill impairment charge of $171 million and a lower of cost or market inventory valuation adjustment of $12 million. Both of these non-cash charges reflect the near-term industry-wide dynamics we have spoken to, soft graphite electrode demand, weak pricing, both coinciding with higher cost inventory remaining on our balance sheet.
Adjusted EBITDA was negative $22 million in the fourth quarter compared to positive adjusted EBITDA of $80 million in the fourth quarter of 2022. The decline in EBITDA reflected, first, the continued shift in the mix of our business towards non-LTA volume; second, lower pricing third, lower sales volume; and fourth, the impact of the lower cost or market adjustment.
Also contributing to the decline in adjusted EBITDA was higher year-over-year cost on a per metric ton basis. However, we did see a sequential improvement in this metric from the third quarter as we anticipated. As shown in the reconciliation provided in our earnings call materials posted on our website, our cash COGS per metric ton declined approximately 7% from the third quarter of 2023 to the fourth quarter.
The key driver of this improvement was a quarter-over-quarter reduction in the level of fixed costs that are being recognized on an accelerated basis due to low production volumes. In other words, these are costs recognized in the current period, there would have been inventoried if we were operating at normal production levels. As a reminder, in the third quarter, we recorded approximately $18 million of such costs, approximately half of which was attributable to Seadrift being temporarily idled through the third quarter.
In the fourth quarter, needle coke production at Seadrift resumed. This, along with a modest increase in graphite electrode production resulted in the amount of such costs recognized in the fourth quarter, declining to approximately $10 million.
Now as it relates to 2024, we anticipate a low-teen percentage point decline in our cash COGS metric ton compared to the full year cash COGS per metric ton of 2023. In addition to the timing impact of the lower cost or market valuation adjustment that we recorded in the fourth quarter of ’23, we expect the decline in cash COGS into ’24 to be driven by three factors.
First, the impact of the cost rationalization activities that Tim discussed, of the estimated $25 million in annualized cost savings once fully implemented by the end of the second quarter, we expect approximately $15 million of the annualized savings will be reflected as reduced fixed manufacturing costs.
Second, market pricing for key elements of our cost structure, including decant oil, energy and coal tar, pitch continues to moderate as expected.
Third, we expect a modest year-over-year improvement in our sales and production volume in ’24, which would have a two-pronged impact on our cash COGS per metric ton. The anticipated increase in our production volume and capacity utilization rates, this will significantly reduce the amount of fixed costs being recognized on an accelerated basis. In addition, our fixed costs will be recognized over a larger volume base compared to the prior year.
Turning to cash flow. For the fourth quarter of ’23, we generated $9 million of cash from operating activities and adjusted free cash flow of $4 million. This cash flow performance was supported by our ongoing focus on managing our costs, managing our capital expenditures as well as our working capital levels, including another significant reduction in inventory during the quarter. I’m pleased to note that with our disciplined efforts in this area throughout 2023, this resulted in GrafTech being free cash flow positive for the year.
Moving to the next slide. We ended the year with a liquidity position of $289 million, consisting of $170 million available cash and $112 million available under our revolving credit facility. This reflects the financial covenants that limit borrowing availability under our revolver in certain circumstances. More importantly, we do not anticipate the need to borrow against the revolver in 2024. And further, we have no debt maturities until the end of 2028.
Now, let me turn the call back over to Tim for some additional comments on our outlook.
Tim Flanagan
Thanks, Catherine. Thus far, we’ve discussed the current environment and how we are responding. Let me spend the last few minutes of our prepared remarks by looking further ahead beyond the near-term challenges.
To reiterate one of my opening comments, our optimism about the long-term prospects for our company remains intact. We operate in a cyclical industry, which necessitates making tough decisions at times as we manage the things within our control. As a company and a management team, we’ve been here before, and the actions that we announced today have been designed to preserve our flexibility to capitalize on future recovery in the market, and we expect the market to recover.
Why do we remain confident? While cyclical, we also operate in an industry with significant long-term tailwinds. Decarbonization efforts are driving a transition in steel with electric arc furnaces continue to increase share of total steel production. The EAF method of steelmaking now accounts for nearly half of global steel production outside of China and an increase from 44% in 2015 with market share growth in nearly every region. And this trend of EAF share growth is expected to continue.
In fact, we continue to see examples of governments providing incentives to companies to help fund investments in new EAF capacity. This ongoing transition towards EAF steelmaking is expected to drive demand growth for graphite electrodes over the longer term.
Overall, considering planned EAF capacity additions based on steel producer announcements, along with production increases at existing EAF plants, we estimate that this would translate to a graphite electrode demand outside of China growing at a 3% to 4% CAGR over the next five years.
While we’ve seen the change in the competitive dynamics of late, as Jeremy indicated, this isn’t entirely unexpected at this point in the cycle. We view these as being largely transitory, and we are well-positioned to benefit from the long-term demand growth for graphite electrodes to note a few reasons.
First, as prior cycles have demonstrated, the anticipated recovery in graphite electrode demand in coming years will help ease the current competitive pricing pressures. As a historical reference point, over the last 20 years, the selling price for our non-LTA volume has averaged approximately $6,000 per metric ton adjusted for inflation, which is significantly above current market prices.
Second, anticipated demand growth for petroleum needle coke, the raw material that we use to produce graphite electrodes will also present a pricing tailwind. To expand on this point, needle coke demand is expected to accelerate driven by its use to produce synthetic graphite with the anode portion of lithium ion batteries used in electric vehicle market.
Growing demand for needle coke should result in elevated needle coke pricing. Given the high historical correlation between petroleum needle coke pricing and graphite electrode pricing, with an inflation-adjusted spread that has averaged approximately $3,900 per metric ton over the last 20 years, this trend should translate to higher market pricing for electrodes.
Third and specific to the competition with Chinese graphite electrode producers, we continue to view their opportunity for competitive inroads in our key markets to be limited over the longer term. The imposition of customs duties and other turf protections and key EAF steelmaking regions, including the U.S. and the EU, have served to limit the level of imports from China into these — imports from China into these regions.
Further, a quality gap still exists between Chinese electrodes and Tier 1 producers, which will become increasingly evident as new EAFs with more demanding applications come online in the coming years. As it relates to China’s domestic graphite electrode demand, the country produces approximately 1 billion metric tons of steel on an annual basis, with approximately 90% still produced using the traditional method of steelmaking.
With even a relatively small percentage shift in the output to the more environmentally friendly EAF model, this would absorb a significant level of domestic graphite electrode production, thereby decreasing incentives for them to explore the export markets.
Lastly, and specific to GrafTech, for all the reasons that Jeremy referenced, we provide a compelling value position to our customers and can compete on more than just price. As such, we continue to believe that GrafTech will get through this challenging period, emerge as an industry leader and the preeminent supplier of mission-critical products to the electric arc furnace industry.
Before concluding our prepared remarks, let me transition to a brief update on our efforts towards participation in the development of a Western EV battery supply chain. We continue to see potential long-term value creation opportunities in this space as we possess key assets, resources and know-how to support this industry. Our activities continue to advance in both the areas we have spoken to previously.
First, leveraging our assets and technical know-how in the area of petroleum needle coke production given the expected demand growth for this key raw material. Second, leveraging our graphitization resources and expertise to produce synthetic graphite material for battery anodes. We remain excited about the opportunity and look forward to sharing more as we can.
In closing, we remain optimistic about the long-term outlook for our business and our ability to deliver share value. We are an industry-leading provider of a consumable product that is mission-critical for the growing electric arc furnace method of steelmaking. We possess a distinct set of assets, capabilities and competitive advantages. Lastly, as a result of our disciplined capital allocation strategy, we have ample liquidity to navigate the near-term.
This concludes our prepared remarks. We’ll now open the call for questions.
Question-and-Answer Session
Operator
Ladies and gentlemen, we will now begin the question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Matt Vittorioso from Jefferies.
Matt Vittorioso
So I appreciate all the color on the steps that you’re taking to navigate this market. I was hoping maybe we could just try to — you provided some color on expectations around cash costs down low-teens, if I do some rough math that kind of seems to get you into the high 4,000s, maybe 4,800 that kind of matches the current spot price or the non-LTA realized price you had in the fourth quarter, that just very rough kind of leads you to a neutral or zero EBITDA or kind of environment. Is that sort of what you, guys, are picturing for 2024 as you navigate sort of cash costs and realized pricing kind of being in the same ballpark?
Tim Flanagan
Yes, Matt, thanks for the question, and I appreciate it. And certainly, I think if you apply the current spot price here at the end of the fourth quarter and do the math the way you do, I think that’s what it would suggest. But I would also just remind you that, that cost guidance also reflects the fact that while we’ve said that we’re going to improve or slightly increase sales volume year-over-year. We still expect to be running at a utilization rate kind of well below kind of normalized capacity.
So we still think there’s room for cost to come down as we move through. As volumes pick up, we expect the cost to navigate down towards the lower 4,000 range over time. But in the current environment, at spot pricing is what you said we recognized in the fourth quarter, I think that’s a fair statement.
Matt Vittorioso
And then I was hoping you could just talk about working capital. Obviously, you’ve done a nice job managing working capital throughout 2023 to ease the — to actually generate cash. Just what’s the working capital or inventory opportunity that you see in 2024 just as we think about liquidity and how that sort of progresses over the course of the year?
Tim Flanagan
Yes. So we took out just over $100 million of inventory during the year, but we also commented we offset some of the reduction of our inventory on hand with building additional pin stock, right? So a little bit of an offset there. We think there’s opportunities with the footprint optimization that we’ve just outlined to further reduce inventory levels, not certainly to the order of magnitude that we’ve seen in 2023, but there’s some opportunity to relieve some additional inventory here in ’24.
That being said, as volumes pick up, both on the sales and production side over the course of the year, you’ll get a little bit of a negative impact on working capital. So net-net, fairly balanced from an overall working capital perspective as we go throughout the year.
Matt Vittorioso
And I think we’ve gotten the comment or question from a lot of investors just given the current liquidity picture. And I think you’ve outlined some nice steps today to manage and preserve liquidity. But as you see things today, any reason to raise additional capital or borrow additional money in the context of having $290 million of liquidity today?
Tim Flanagan
Yes, you said it at the end there, right? We ended the year with $177 million of cash and the availability that’s on the revolver. We feel good about the liquidity position and where we stand today. And really, it’s all in the context of the steps and what we’ve announced this morning was the idling of St. Marys, the rationalization of the rest of our footprint as well as kind of the corporate and the overhead side of the business, taking a hard look at that as well. We think all of those steps really position us well to manage the near-term environment.
Matt Vittorioso
Last one for me, if I could just squeeze it in. The other conversation we have a lot is just around customer relationships and contracting as it pertains to customers that have rolled off of those long-term agreements. And maybe there being some ill will or just bad taste in certain customers’ mouths post having those long-term agreements in place that were at higher prices. And I’m sure you’re not going to provide specifics on conversations.
But any commentary or feel or body language you can give us around like, is that a persistent problem? Are you making progress in sort of bridging that gap with customers? You talked about the long-term opportunity here, which seems pretty positive, assuming you can sort of get customers back in your good graces. So just any color or thoughts on that would be really helpful.
Tim Flanagan
Yes, Matt, good question. And no, we’re not going to comment on any particular customer interactions or relationships. But I would say, we went into the ’24 negotiation process, which continues, right? It’s ongoing throughout the year. With a pretty difficult macro backdrop that we’ve talked to. And I think we’re pretty pleased with the way that it’s played out in terms of the level of engagement with customers, both in the Americas as well as in Europe and the rest of the world for that matter.
So generally speaking, very pleased with where our customer relationships stand. And we’re going to continue to focus on those customers where they value the long-term relationship and the value proposition that we bring to the table. It’s the technical services, it’s the continuous furnace monitoring that we offer. Those customers that value that are the customers that we build these relationships with, and we’re having the most success with. So we’re pleased with where our customers stand at the moment.
Operator
And your next question comes from the line of Bill Peterson from JPMorgan.
Bill Peterson
I guess how should we think about the shape of shipments as you see it today as we think about throughout 2024. I’m asking in the context of one of your Tier 1 peers. No, they provided some sort of sales outlook and expect the first half of ’24 to decline versus the second half of ’23, but also decline again in the second half of ’24 relative to the first half. And I’m not really sure what their assumptions are around pricing, but would seem to indicate there’s no expectation of improvement at least from a shipment profile in the back half of the year. So just kind of wanted to get a view on how you’re thinking about that.
Tim Flanagan
Yes. It’s really tough to comment on somebody else’s shipping patterns and the way they’ve contracted and the way that they manage kind of their customer relationships or how they do that. I think as we look out in ’24 as we’ve commented, without providing specific numbers, we do anticipate an increase, a modest increase in sales volume next year. We’d expect sales to be in line Q1 from where we did in Q4. And then in the year, we’ll progress from there. I think as we look out longer as we head into 2025, we are anticipating volumes to continue to pick up and some market recovery.
Bill Peterson
And I guess from your advantage point, again, some more, how are peers in the industry responding in terms of supply. It appears directionally, we had a few of the peers are at reducing output but also have higher utilization than GrafTech. So I guess, what is the risk to your share or maybe continued pricing environment given that your peers are not really trimming capacity, it doesn’t appear to be terminal capacity as much as you are.
Tim Flanagan
Yes. I mean I think we, again, are focused on taking the steps that we believe are right for GrafTech as a business that will, not only position us best from a cost perspective, utilize our most efficient assets in the near-term, but also allow us to continue to deliver electrodes to our customers in all regions. And we think the plans that we’ve laid out allow us to do that. Absent of what our competitors are doing and what their drivers are in terms of their own respective business. But right now, I would generally say everybody is probably operating at less than optimal utilization levels and we’re no different.
Bill Peterson
It sounds like you’re comfortable with your cash position for the year, but I guess that demand and shipments were, I guess, to take another leg down or decline significantly. Are you evaluating — are there other liquidity alternatives such as asset sales, maybe secured debt issuance or anything else that could be on the table should things actually progress worse? Just trying to get a sense of what alternatives you have.
Tim Flanagan
Yes. I mean, there’s always the risk that the market continues to move sideways or down further. At this point in time, we have a fair portion of our order book locked for the year just given the negotiation process that we just went through. And that certainly is something that we took into account as we looked at the cost rationalization and footprint optimization program that we just went through. So again, we feel good about the steps we’re taking and how it positions us this year. And the world will play out as the world plays out going forward.
Bill Peterson
Well, I’ll leave it there and take it off-line, but good luck with navigating the environment here.
Operator
And your next question comes from the line of Alex Hacking from Citi.
Alex Hacking
I apologize if I missed this, but could you provide any color on the pricing outlook for the first half of this year?
Tim Flanagan
Yes, Alex, thanks and appreciate you joining the call. We haven’t provided any outlook for the pricing environment. And frankly, there’s no benefit in terms of getting into a discussion around where pricing is. You can look at pricing, what we reported for the fourth quarter and use that if you want.
Alex Hacking
And then I guess, regarding India and China exports. Yes, I think as you mentioned, Chinese steel production was probably up a little bit last year. Indian steel production was up strongly last year. Yet they seem to be exporting more graphite electrodes. Do you have any color on what’s happened or capacity adds there? I guess what’s driving the increase in exports from those regions?
Tim Flanagan
Yes. So I think our commentary about exports was on the steel side. And I think Chinese graphite electrode exports are maybe introducing some pricing pressures in the market, which we talked a little bit about in the third quarter. But year-over-year, Chinese electrode exports are actually down kind of a double-digit percentage. Indian exports, again, may be up slightly year-over-year, but on a scale, they’re a fraction of what the Chinese export market looks like. So net-net, I don’t think there’s that much more material being put into the export market, but I think the pricing has been more aggressive certainly.
Alex Hacking
So I guess you — so you haven’t lost market share at India and Chinese material last year. In fact, if anything, you would have gained share against that if exports were down.
Tim Flanagan
No, I mean. Is it fair? I don’t know if that’s the way I would look at it. There are certain areas in the non-tariff regions, where you see more activity from those players in those markets that we otherwise would not want to sell into, and we would otherwise put material into our core markets of the U.S. and the EU.
Alex Hacking
And then I guess just finally, any comments around your market share in the U.S. market in particular. I think it’s the most attractive market for electrodes. We know that you potentially lost some market share beginning of last year, given the Monterrey issues. So any update on your U.S. market share?
Tim Flanagan
Yes. And I think we commented in the third quarter on this, in particular about how — the first step for us was to be able to go into the Q4 negotiation window with all of our customers, not just those customers in the U.S., with the ability to commit to volumes for the full year. And we’ve done that, and as I said earlier in one of my responses to a question, we’re very pleased with the way those negotiations went and the volumes that we were allocated from all of our customers. And we don’t necessarily give specifics in terms of market share. But again, the Americas is a substantial part of our business and will continue to be going forward.
Operator
And your next question comes from the line of Arun Viswanathan from RBC Capital Markets.
Arun Viswanathan
I guess first question would be you noted that there’s a significant cost per ton reduction. I understand the footprint optimization will help in that. But what kind of utilization rates should we think about as move through the year? On our math, it would seem that you’d need to get into the 70s or 80s in order to get those — that cost per ton down into the $4,000 or $5,000 per ton range. Is that required?
And I know that you’re shutting down St. Marys, but are there greater actions you can take? I mean running at 47%, it would imply that there’s 50% or so of your capacity that it’s really not being utilized. Would you consider shutting down maybe some of the other plants like Pamplona or [indiscernible] or maybe you can just walk us through that.
Tim Flanagan
Yes. Thanks, Arun. And kind of a lot in that question, so if I miss a part, please let me know. I guess first question with respect to your question on cost and how we get to levels below kind of what we’re otherwise guiding to. And remember, that’s not all going to come on the back of fixed cost leverage or fixed cost reductions, right? Fixed costs represent roughly 25% or so of our overall cost structure.
So any increase in utilization will improve the cost structure, but we do anticipate further improvement from the price of needle coke as well as our other variable costs, right? So we’re seeing kind of favorable trends in the market for all of those, and those will continue to benefit us going forward, particularly in terms of energy prices in Europe.
In terms of — I think your second part of the question was around would we shut another plant down again, the actions we’ve taken today with St. Marys and our corporate overhead is predicated on our view of the world and our understanding of our business and market and don’t necessarily — let me say it this way, we think we’ve taken the steps needed to be successful to navigate through this trough and get to the other side when we anticipate the market picking back up.
U.S. running our plants in Europe and in Monterrey are important in our ability to deliver all of the products and make — deliver on our commitments to our customers. But as well as being able to otherwise capitalize when the market picks up longer term, which, again, and we’ve said it a few times, we firmly believe that the market will pick up as we move forward. Both because of the decarbonization of steel as well as the demand for needle coke through to the EV market. So we’re going to continue to run those assets, but we’re going to run them as efficiently as we can.
Arun Viswanathan
Sorry about that I was on mute. Just one other question. Just could you elaborate on your plans to pursue commercialization of your needle coke into the EV market? Is there any support you can get from IRA or any other strategic initiatives there?
Tim Flanagan
Thanks, Arun. I’ll let Jeremy take that one.
Jeremy Halford
Yes. Arun, so a couple of things there. First of all, you’ll recall that as we previously noted, in July, we did file a permit application to significantly expand the capacity adoption at Seadrift — and at the time, we said that we would be able to check if we went forward with the project, we would have the ability to increase the 140,000 ton nameplate capacity by about 40% through a combination of calcine and pre-calcined needle coke. And so at the time, we said that we would anticipate that process taking about a year. And we don’t have any reason to think that the permitting process will be any longer or shorter than that at this point. We’re continuing down that path.
In terms of actually commercializing and engaging with potential customers, we continue down that path, both from a needle coke as well as a graphitization perspective. We have done trials with several customers. And I would say that the pace of activity there is increasing. And so we feel good about where we’re at, but nothing to announce at this time.
Arun Viswanathan
And then just lastly, I just wanted to ask again on that issue of potential electrode substitute or competition from Chinese and Indian electrodes. Presumably, during the shutdown at Monterrey, there was some potential of your customers. Maybe source selective from other suppliers. What’s the strategy to kind of get back that — those volumes? I know you said that there’s value proposition and service that you provide, but it would appear that just given the pricing environment that price would be the main lever to try and get back to some of that share. Maybe you can just elaborate on some of the other services that you think would be helpful in regaining that share?
Tim Flanagan
Yes, Arun, I mean I think ultimately like any commercial relationship, right? It’s the relationship and it’s providing a compelling value proposition, not only through a quality product, which, again, we think our electrodes are the best in the in terms of quality. But it’s also what else you offer your customers and how they view you as well.
And I think it’s important to remember that especially in the U.S. market, in particular, price isn’t always the bottom line in terms of the determination just given the fact that the U.S. mills are still running at very healthy utilization rates. Any sort of quality issues or breakage or interruption to their furnaces ultimately cost them money. So they’re going to continue to err on the side of producing quality electrodes, and that’s what we remain focused on.
Operator
And your next question comes from the line of Kurt Ki from [indiscernible] Capital.
Unidentified Analyst
Just a few follow-ups, if I may. On the competitive landscape, I completely recognize it’s not all about price. And cost can be a moving target. But where do you think your three plants are on the cost curve? Maybe just which quartile do you think they are in?
Tim Flanagan
Sorry. I thought you had a further question or more to that. Yes, again, we don’t necessarily break our plants down separately. We look at the overall manufacturing footprint as kind of a global network. And we think we’re very cost competitive. We’re exactly on the cost curve, I won’t speculate, but we think we’re well positioned from a cost perspective. And certainly, as we continue to drive up our utilization at the plants that just makes those plants even more competitive given their overall size and scale.
Unidentified Analyst
And with respect to editors idling electrode capacity is — can you expand on that? Do you have any estimates of what might be happening on that front?
Tim Flanagan
I can’t comment our competitors are doing. It would just be pure speculation. But if they want idle capacity, I’m okay with that.
Unidentified Analyst
Last call, you mentioned that China was limiting the export of synthetic graphite. Is that — any comments on that front?
Jeremy Halford
Yes. I think the specific comment had to do with synthetic graphite for use in anode materials and kind of a recognition of the value of synthetic graphite as we start seeing further electrification of the fleet. And so that continues to be the case, perhaps restricting or they’re at least requiring licenses from the producers before they’re allowed to export that material. It’s not something that we’ve got direct experience with, but we do know that, that is a key driver of potential exports from there. And kind of a recognition of the importance of synthetic graphite in the overall electric vehicle supply chain.
Unidentified Analyst
And on Cedar, how much would a 40% increase in capacity cost?
Tim Flanagan
Yes. So we haven’t provided a specific number, but what we’ve guided to in the past is that a full replication of Seadrift would be north of $750 million and the replication or the addition of that 40% isn’t linear, right? It’s not 40% of $750 million. We can do it much more efficient than that. So yes.
Unidentified Analyst
Super helpful. Last one, the order book, how much have you sold for fiscal ’24, how much volume?
Tim Flanagan
Yes. So we’re — we haven’t provided exact numbers in terms of what total volume we expect for the full year, but we’re well over 50% committed at this point heading into the first quarter.
Unidentified Analyst
For the full year?
Tim Flanagan
For the full year.
Operator
And your next question comes from the line of Curt Woodworth from UBS.
Curt Woodworth
So just wanted to follow up on — so in terms of cracking the code around sort of the EV anode market, right? So you have PSX that signed some deals with NOVONIX on the coke side. You’ve got a lot of EV development underway. And so on the one hand, you have a competitive advantage on the petroleum coke side going into synthetic. And then you also have capability just on the pure equipment machining material process side, the business.
So I guess the question is what — where do you think the value and use is the most compelling in your portfolio? Do you think it’s more processing or on the coke side? And then how should we think about like next steps. Is it more likely that you would partner with someone to potentially expand Seadrift? Or you have excess machining capacity that could be utilized that makes synthetic, for us to really frame kind of the relative economics, and I know that it’s early stages, but anything you could help us think about would be greatly appreciated.
Tim Flanagan
Yes. So let me start and then Jeremy, I’ll ask you to chime in as well. And the two areas that I commented on, in particular, where we see the opportunity as it relates to us is utilization of our graphitization assets as well as our expertise in Seadrift as a facility, whether as it is constructed today or if we were to pursue an expansion. Both of those are pretty compelling because both sets of assets are really dual-use assets, right? The process for graphitizing anode material isn’t really any different than the process for creating electrodes that we do and have been doing for decades and decades.
So really, it’s an opportunity for us to not only maximize our utilization of our assets, but also there’s an arbitrage opportunity to go after the markets that have the best margin longer term.
In the short run, right, there’s really no benefit or upside in ’24, right? These are all kind of longer-term opportunities in place for us, but still are certainly exciting ventures as we head out. The way we think about it from a balance sheet perspective and what the construct looks like, there’s a dozen different ways that this could play out or more than a dozen different ways that this could play out.
But certainly, given kind of the challenging environment right now, we wouldn’t do this on our own in most cases, right? Given the capital outlay or any sort of significant expansion of Seadrift, we wouldn’t be in a position nor we wanted to take on that cost on our own.
Jeremy, I don’t know if you want to add to that?
Jeremy Halford
Yes, I think you’ve hit the key points, Tim. This is an opportunity that will be comparatively small in the near term, thinking 2024 and as we accelerate through 2025 and into the latter part of the decade is really when we see the Western supply chains developing and are seeking to be a participant.
Curt Woodworth
And then in terms of needle coke in the past, you’ve commented on third-party pricing data that you have. Can you give us a sense for where you think needle coke? And then I know you’re hesitant to provide any commentary on pricing for electrodes. But directionally speaking, order magnitude, should we think that your 1Q non-LTA price will fall similarly in fashion as the last Q-on-Q? Or any comments would be helpful.
Tim Flanagan
Yes. So let me start on the electrode side, and then I’ll let Jeremy comment on needle coke. Yes, we’re not going to provide kind of any sort of specific outlook, whether directional or not beyond the macro kind of commentary we’ve provided, right? We’re still negotiating orders on a daily basis, and it doesn’t benefit us to signal where we think those prices are going to go.
Jeremy Halford
Yes. And if we look at needle coke, we did see some further softening of the needle coke market again, we rely on some import-export data to tell us where the market is trading, and that does tend to lag by a couple of months. But we did see fourth quarter spot pricing for needle coke in the $1,000 to $1,300 range, which was further decline from where we were in the third quarter. But this is something that is a very highly volatile market.
We can see in the recent past, prices as high as $3,000 a ton in 2022 when, in fact, they were closer to $1,000 the year before that. So where it’s pretty volatile. We are still in the long-term trends on needle coke. But really, the softness right now, I think, is a reflection of the soft graphite electrode market without an offset in the form of the expanding Western EV supply chains yet.
Curt Woodworth
And would your captive cost of Seadrift below $1,000?
Tim Flanagan
Yes. So again, we haven’t been given a lot of detail on Cedar because we do see it as a competitive advantage for us. Even in this sort of needle coke market, given the quality of the Seadrift needle coke, it is still cost competitive in this market.
Operator
Our last question comes from the line of Ab Landa from Bank of America.
Ab Landa
Just a few questions for me. Kind of want to maybe touch on the regional differences, what you’re seeing kind of on the outlook side, primarily between U.S. and Europe, like I guess, what are you seeing in terms of competition differences between those two areas? Maybe how it relates to what you’re seeing graphite electrode pricing there and kind of maybe a sense of your capacity utilization by the regions.
Tim Flanagan
Yes. Thanks, Ab. And in terms of the outlook by region, again, it really follows the macro story more broadly, right? The U.S. has remained to be a fairly healthy market for us. Steel utilization rates continue to be in the mid-Southern East, Europe is a market that is certainly more challenged from an economic standpoint. I think capacity utilization in Europe ended the year in the 50% or 53% range. So thereby, you can kind of reduce kind of the overall quality or intensity of those markets.
In terms of other competition, we do have tariff protections in the U.S. and in Europe. U.S., there’s tariffs in place against Chinese imports. And in Europe, it’s both the Indian and Chinese imports. So yes, the markets are kind of where they’re at. Again, capacity utilization. We look at our network, certainly have and will continue to going forward as a global manufacturing footprint so we won’t provide kind of capacity utilization by plant. I don’t think is really relevant in terms of how we look at our business.
Ab Landa
Is that non-Tier 1 competition kind of different in Europe versus the U.S. or the intensity of it and its impact on pricing? Do you notice any differences or not really?
Tim Flanagan
No. I mean you don’t see much of a presence in Europe of either the Chinese or the Indians, right? It’s — your Tier 1 players are the ones that are the — for the most part, the incumbents in that market. You do see a small Indian presence in the U.S., but I don’t know if I would say that the intensity is any different, right?
Ab Landa
And then kind of on your cost rationalization and footprint plan, you kind of mentioned this, the third point, operating at reduced levels. And I think you kind of mentioned taking your — from 202 to 178 tons. Can you just walk us through that, how you’re thinking about implementing that and how we expect that to trend kind of over the year?
Tim Flanagan
Yes. So really, there’s three things there. One is the idling of St. Marys, right? So we’re taking down most of the production activities at our St. Marys location. We also looked at all of our assets across the, again, our entire footprint of assets and said, which are the ones that are most efficient and how can we best optimize the utilization of our assets. So there’s another subset of assets in the other plants that we’re continuing to run that will stop running and won’t otherwise consider those as part of our productive capacity.
The combination of those two things and the remaining footprint is what will inform the $178 million — sorry, 178,000 metric ton capacity that will measure our utilization against going forward.
With respect to the commentary around matching our production of our operating footprint relative to commercial demand, again, it’s the 178,000 tons that are part of our capacity. We will scale our production to our demand, right? We need to be conscious of our working capital, where we’re going on as efficiently as possible and we’ll continue to operate much like we’ve done here in ’23, where we’ve scaled back operations at various points in time to ensure that we’re in alignment with overall demand.
Ab Landa
So it seems like you potentially have some room to maybe idle certain assets for order to kind of better match it if, for some reason, the market takes a further downturn? Is that the right way to maybe look at it?
Tim Flanagan
Yes. I mean, again, I would say that we’re — we’ve idled the assets that we think best position us to navigate our view on the market as it exists today. And as we look out forward. Certainly, we can slow down other assets at various points in time during the year. But again, we want to have those assets ready and in a position to begin production or continue production as the market recovers and as we look out over the long-term.
Ab Landa
And my last one, it’s kind of a follow-up to some previous questions. When you think about your liquidity especially on your cash side, is there like a minimum operating cash number that you’d be comfortable operating at?
Tim Flanagan
Yes. I mean I think we’ve said in the past, $50 million just from an operational standpoint is a very effective or easy number for us to manage the business on. But I think just overall liquidity, we’re sitting again in a very healthy liquidity position as we look out into 2024.
Operator
Thank you. This concludes our question-and-answer session. I will now hand the call back over to Mr. Flanagan for closing comments.
Tim Flanagan
Thanks, Ina. I’d like to thank everyone for your call or your interest in our call today, and we look forward to speaking with everyone next quarter. Have a great day.
Operator
Thank you. That does conclude our conference for today. Thank you all for participating. You may all disconnect.
