CSX Corporation (NASDAQ:CSX) Q3 2023 Earnings Conference Call October 19, 2023 4:30 PM ET
Company Participants
Matt Korn – Head of Investor Relations
Joe Hinrichs – President and Chief Executive Officer
Mike Cory – Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer
Kevin Boone – Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer
Sean Pelkey – Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Conference Call Participants
Chris Wetherbee – Citigroup
Brian Ossenbeck – JPMorgan
Brandon Oglenski – Barclays
Jonathan Chappell – Evercore ISI
Scott Group – Wolfe Research
Justin Long – Stephens
Amit Mehrotra – Deutsche Bank
Tom Wadewitz – UBS
Allison Poliniak – Wells Fargo
Ken Hoexter – Bank of America
Bascome Majors – Susquehanna
Jason Seidl – TD Cowen
Jordan Alliger – Goldman Sachs
David Vernon – Bernstein
James McGarragle – RBC Capital Markets
Ravi Shanker – Morgan Stanley
Operator
Good afternoon. My name is Krista, and I’ll be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the Third Quarter 2023 CSX Corporation Earnings Conference Call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speakers’ remarks, there will be a question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions]
Thank you. Mr. Matt Korn, Head of Investor Relations, you may begin your conference.
Matt Korn
Thank you, Krista. Hello, everyone, and welcome to our third quarter earnings call.
Joining me this afternoon are Joe Hinrichs, President and Chief Executive Officer; Mike Cory, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer; Kevin Boone, Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer; and Sean Pelkey, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.
In the presentation accompanying this call, you will find our forward-looking disclosure on Slide 2, followed by our non-GAAP disclosure on Slide 3.
And with that, it is now my pleasure to introduce Mr. Joe Hinrichs.
Joe Hinrichs
All right. Thank you, Matthew, and hello, everyone. Thank you for joining our conference call today.
Over this last year, CSX mission and message have remained clear and consistent. We have seen great progress with our ONE CSX initiatives, which are helping to build a focused, collaborative culture that enables all of our employees to feel engaged, energized and focused on working better together. At the same time, our service levels continue to lead the industry. These successes go hand in hand. And as our customers see that CSX is truly dedicated to providing consistent, reliable service over the long term, they’re responding positively. As we look forward to all the opportunities ahead, we are confident that these efforts we are making will drive clear, sustainable, profitable growth.
And we took another step forward on this path this quarter. Thanks to the hard work put in by our ONE CSX team, our railroad is running well. Our merchandise business remained steady, and our coal shipments were very strong. Our domestic intermodal volumes are growing well compared to last year. Our international intermodal business, though down year-over-year, has stabilized. Overall, our network continues to perform, and I am pleased with how the team has succeeded in managing the things that we can control. I continue to be very excited about all the potential ahead for CSX.
Now, let’s turn to Slide 5 to review the highlights for the third quarter. First, we moved over 1.5 million carloads this quarter, which was down just slightly from a year ago, with flat year-over-year performance in merchandise and 9% growth in coal. Our operating ratio ticked up into the low 60% as we faced challenges that we have been talking about all year, with lower fuel recovery, reduced intermodal storage revenue, lower export coal prices, and higher costs of inflation, most notably with our labor contract. As in previous quarters, our margin does include the impact of the Quality Carriers trucking business.
Second, we generated $3.6 billion in revenue, which was 8% lower than the previous year. The last year we benefited from high diesel prices and record export coal benchmarks that were both much lower this quarter.
Third, even with the year-over-year changes we faced, charges — changes we faced, operating income still came in at $1.3 billion for the quarter compared to a little under $1.6 billion last year. And our earnings per share were $0.42, down from $0.52.
I am proud of what we accomplished this quarter given all the challenges. None of us here are satisfied with these results. We’re not sitting back and simply waiting for markets to turn. We’re looking throughout the entire network to see where we can operate more efficiently. We continue to work closely with our customers to build our business pipeline and drive more volume onto the railroad. And we’re emphasizing the importance of cost discipline to every team in every one of our locations.
One of the reasons I am so confident about what is ahead for CSX is the great leadership team that we have in place. As you all saw last month, we are very pleased to announce that Mike Cory has joined our railroad as Chief Operating Officer. Mike brings great experience and a thorough understanding of schedule railroading, and he also shares our deep dedication and appreciation for customer service and the employees who provide that service day in and day out.
Mike arrived in Jacksonville a few weeks ago and is now here joining us on this call. And so, I will now turn it over to Mike to say a few words and cover our operational performance over the quarter.
Mike Cory
Well, thank you very much, Joe. And I truly appreciate the words. And I’m extremely thankful for the opportunity to work with such a committed team of people with so much potential to lead this industry with great customer service.
Safety, service, efficiency, and along with engagement with each other, customers and stakeholders, is how we’re going to leverage this great franchise to be best in class. And I’ve been here a short time, pretty much less than a month, but I’ve been really busy. I’ve visited major yards, coal export facilities, and I’ve spent time in headquarters meeting with an array of people from different functions of the railroad. Well, in person, I’ve listened to and I’ve spoken with employees from all across the company; from people on the ground executing the plan, from people developing the plan, to sales and marketing, finance, field and network ops, IT facilities, and the list goes on.
But what really resonates with me is their collective desire to be the best they can be for our ONE CSX team and our customers. And we’ve got great talent in all our functions, and our job is to connect the talent and maximize the value of their efforts. We’re doing this in order for our team to be the best at providing what our customers need in the safest and most efficient way. We’re doing this because decision-making, acting on what they see and know, must be quick and done as close to where the opportunity is taking place.
That said, I see opportunities, one of which, and to me, the most important at this stage, is to create and share a robust and visible flow of information that will derive improvement through the continuation of the lean principles that define schedule railroad. We all need to see the effects of our collective decisions as fast as possible, be more nimble and responsive to our customers’ needs. As well, collectively we’ll learn and share best practices throughout the organization from this and other available data as it gives us a platform to learn as it happens. This will create the speed and the trust that we need to move together as one team. So, let’s go over to the slides and we’ll start looking at our safety metrics.
Our third quarter injury and accident rates increased as we saw track-caused and human factor incidents trend upward. These aren’t acceptable outcomes for us. And we’re taking action to continuously improve the environment our employees operate in, as well as the overall safety culture. Human factor incidents, especially with newly hired employees, is one of the trends this year that have driven the increase. In Q3, the team added additional time for initial training for our new conductors at our REDI Center in Atlanta. We also looked at the length of training when new hires graduate from Atlanta and report back to their home terminals and increase the length of that training as well.
Increased training gives us more time to develop skills with our new hires, but we also determined we needed to place resources to spend that time with them. So, we train unionized mentors and now we have them across the property with the new hires. These mentors are available to teach and answer questions, reinforcing the ONE CSX culture by being part of developing and coaching their newly hired peers.
Lastly, on safety, we’re not taking our focus off life-changing events. We’ve partnered with DEKRA, a speciality risk management group, to rollout training to help employees self-identify risk in an ever-changing environment.
Now traditionally, railroads train on operating rules, but we can’t write a rule for everything or test our way to a positive safety culture. Both identification of risk and eliminating that risk when possible is one of our major goals moving into Q4 and beyond.
So, let’s go over to the next slide on our operating highlights. Our end-to-end train velocity averaged 17.6 miles an hour in the third quarter, slightly lower than last quarter, but still up substantially from the same period in 2022. Dwell averaged 9.6 hours, an improvement of nearly 20% compared to the same period last year. Intermodal trip plan performance was 94% and increased by 4 percentage points year-over-year, while carload trip plan performance was 82% and improved by 25 percentage points.
Our service performance remains fluid. And though we did see a slight seasonal dip during the middle of the quarter during peak vacation and holiday season, our metrics are rebounding into the fourth quarter. We all know and we will — we all know we will and we’re all working together to improve these results. Our ability to leverage this great franchise by connecting the people and the vast talent they bring will allow us to improve all key aspects of our business, with a strong focus on those lean management principles that drive reliable, consistent service.
I’m really confident that connecting all of these dots together is going to result in a strong team now, and, more importantly, bench strength for the future. This is really our ONE CSX goal.
And so, with that, over to you, Kevin.
Kevin Boone
Thank you. Mike and I have been spending a lot of time together and it is really great to have you on the team.
To start, I’m pleased to say that our improving service levels are a key differentiator in the marketplace. I can’t thank the entire team enough for all the hard work. These improvements are being recognized by our customers and are leading to new initiatives and discussions around how CSX can partner with our customers for growth.
Our ability to grow profitably requires us to be proactive, quickly adapt to changing markets, and think differently. I’m proud of how well we have been able to coordinate with operations to drive both growth and efficiencies. With Mike in his role, we have only seen these efforts accelerate.
It’s no surprise that overall economic conditions remain uncertain, but it has been encouraging to see gradually improving sequential trends across several of our end markets over this past quarter. We see many, many reasons to be optimistic as we continue to build our business pipeline with an eye toward 2024 and beyond.
Turning to Slide 10 to look at our merchandise performance for the quarter. Our revenues were down modestly compared to last year on flat volumes, as solid core pricing gains were offset by lower fuel surcharge and negative mix effects in certain markets. Our automotive business continued to show strength with higher production and business wins driving a 19% increase in volume year-over-year. Minerals continues to perform very well, sustained by infrastructure activity that is supporting new cement facilities and healthy demand for aggregates. Metals performance has also benefited from our service levels, leading to competitive wins and solid demand. Our chemical franchise, while challenged, has begun to stabilize and even showed some promising improvement in domestic plastics over the quarter. Fertilizer revenue growth was strong in the quarter, despite volumes that were impacted by weaker short-haul movements with production challenges in Florida. As we expected, the strong Southeastern corn crop meant less rail volume for grain, and forest products remains one of the most challenged areas with many mills still taking meaningful downtime.
As we start the fourth quarter, we are encouraged by the early October volume trends with most markets showing sequential momentum. We anticipate a strong rebound for ag and food as a strong Midwest harvest kicks in. And across other markets, we expect our service improvements to drive opportunities to win in the marketplace as we focus on modal conversion.
Turning to Slide 11. Third quarter coal revenue declined 5%, even though volumes were very strong, growing 9% compared to last year. Export demand continued to be a major volume driver, growing 26%, with the hot summer also supporting solid domestic demand. Strong coal volumes minimize the effects of lower international benchmark prices, which were setting all-time records this time last year. The key difference was met coal pricing where global benchmarks were much lower than in the same period last year.
Sequentially, our coal RPU declined 11% compared to our guidance of mid-teens decline, with stronger-than-expected shipments to longer length of haul Southern utility customers driving the moderate outperformance.
Looking ahead to the last quarter of the year, we expect export markets to remain strong and are pleased with the increases in international benchmarks that we’ve seen over the last several weeks.
On the domestic side, we have seen stockpiles normalize and demand in the 2024 will be driven by winter weather and related demand needs. The increase in global benchmark prices should benefit our cold yields next quarter. So, I would remind you that we have a diverse portfolio of met customers and we have seen U.S.-based met coal benchmarks and those in other regions lag spot prices in Australia.
Turning to intermodal on Slide 12. As a whole, the business remained challenged with revenue declining by 14% and total volume decreasing by 7%. Overall, RPU declined by 8% year-over-year with the impact of lower fuel surcharge accounting for the decline, partially offset by positive price.
That said, we are seeing encouraging trends from our domestic business. Our volume turned positive on a year-over-year basis early in the summer, and that’s continued to improve since then. We offer a diverse mix of transportation solutions within domestic intermodal, and we’ve seen great results from our strong channel partnerships and our direct relationships with major retailers. Our team has been successful in converting traffic off the highway in a market facing plentiful truck capacity, which is a testament to the team in the market-leading service product.
Meanwhile, international intermodal activity has stabilized but remains weak. We haven’t seen any clear signs of a positive inflection yet. Retailers remain concerned about the health of the consumer. And though de-stocking may have slowed, we haven’t seen this turn into sustained increases in order rates or imports.
For the rest of the year, we expect trends to largely continue as they were over the third quarter, with domestic gradually strengthening, supported by our team strong sales efforts. While we prepare for the turning point for international, recall that we saw meaningful drop offs in our intermodal volume in the back half of the fourth quarter in 2022, as markets slowed substantially, which will benefit our reported growth rate for the current quarter.
Slide 13 provides a clear illustration of the encouraging signs we’re seeing within our intermodal business. On a year-over-year basis, domestic intermodal has shown a favorable trend since the beginning of 2023, turning positive around mid-year and steadily improving since. While international volumes remain lower compared to 2022, we’ve seen stability in the past few months.
Altogether, across all of our businesses, our team continues to push forward across multiple initiatives, aimed at winning wallet share, converting truck traffic and bringing new customers to the railroad. We remain confident that our leading service performance will continue to provide opportunities to win business. And we know that we have the resources and capacity in place to deliver growth when the market environment inflects. I’m proud of what the collective CSX team has accomplished this quarter. I’m excited about all the potential ahead.
Now, I’ll turn it over to Sean to discuss financials.
Sean Pelkey
Thank you, Kevin, and good afternoon.
The third quarter operating income of $1.3 billion was lower by 18% or $284 million. These results include nearly $350 million of year-over-year impacts from lower intermodal storage revenue, export coal benchmark prices, and fuel recovery, partly offset by $42 million of favorability related to last year’s labor agreement adjustment. Suffice it to say this quarter should represent the peak year-over-year impact from these discrete items.
Revenue fell by 8% or $323 million despite strong pricing across many merchandise portfolio along with positive volume trends across many merchandise markets, as well as domestic intermodal. The operating team also worked tirelessly to meet customer needs and deliver a 9% increase in coal volume. Across merchandise, coal and intermodal, revenue excluding fuel recovery increased 2% in the quarter and was up mid-single digits, excluding the impacts of coal RPU headwinds.
Expenses were lower by 2%, and I will discuss the line items in more detail on the next slide. Interest and other expense was $13 million higher compared to the prior year. Income tax expense decreased $32 million as the impact of lower pre-tax earnings more than offset a prior year favorable state tax item. And this quarter’s effective tax rate came in at 24.9%. As a result, earnings per share fell by $0.10, including nearly $0.12 of impact from the previously mentioned discrete items.
Let’s now turn to the next slide and take a closer look at expenses. Total third quarter expense decreased by $39 million. Lower fuel prices and cycling the prior year labor true-up were mostly offset by the impacts of inflation and higher depreciation.
Turning to the individual line items. Labor and fringe expense decreased $7 million as the prior year union labor adjustment was largely offset by inflation and increased headcount. Heightened attention to overtime benefited cost per employee, particularly in our mechanical workforce where overtime ratios are now running at multi-year lows.
Purchased services and other expense increased $25 million versus last year, including $16 million associated with higher casualty expense. Turning to sequential performance versus Q2 on the right-hand side of the page, network performance and numerous cost control initiatives in the quarter drove a nearly $20 million reduction in PS&O across our operating departments. We expect these savings to remain in the fourth quarter aside from normal seasonality.
Depreciation was up $21 million as a result of last year’s equipment study, as well as a larger asset base.
Fuel cost was down $89 million, mostly driven by a lower gallon price. This was partially offset by higher consumption, including approximately 2.5 million gallons recognized from prior periods. Adjusting for this, fuel efficiency was still unfavorable versus the prior year. And Mike has brought an increased focus on this critical measure. While seasonality will impact fuel efficiency in Q4, we fully expect to get back on trend.
Equipment and rents was $10 million favorable, driven by faster freight car cycle times across all markets. These benefits were partly offset by costs related to higher automotive volumes.
Finally, property gains were $21 million unfavorable in the quarter. As a reminder, we are cycling over $50 million of prior year gains in Q4 and expect sales this year to be minimal.
Now turning to cashflow and distributions on Slide 17. Reflecting the discrete factors I discussed earlier, free cashflow is down from the prior year, but remains strong, supporting investments in the safety and reliability of our network, as well as an increased level of high return strategic investments. Robust cashflow has also supported over $3.5 billion in shareholder returns so far this year, including $2.9 billion in share repurchases and over $650 million of dividends. Economic profit, as measured by CSX cash earnings, is about $160 million lower year-to-date, impacted again by intermodal storage revenue and export coal pricing. Nevertheless, the focus on economic profit is helping to incent a pipeline of high return initiatives that will deliver growth and ongoing efficiency gains.
Now with that, let me turn it back to Joe for his closing remarks.
Joe Hinrichs
All right. Thank you, Sean.
Now as shown on Slide 19, we will finish with some updated comments on our outlook as we approach the final quarter of 2023. We continue to expect low single-digit growth in revenue ton-miles for the full year, supported by our consistent performance in merchandise and export coal. Automotive and minerals remain important growth areas. So, obviously, we’re watching developments with the [Detroit Three] (ph) automakers and the UAW very closely.
As Kevin mentioned, we also look for a substantial rebound in our ag and food business over the fourth quarter. Export coal volumes remain strong as global demand stays high for U.S. met and thermal coal. For domestic coal, we anticipate some slowdown from the third quarter, which benefited from hot summer weather, though so far this quarter we continue to be pleased with our shipment levels. For intermodal, as we mentioned, we expect domestic activity to keep gaining modest momentum through the fourth quarter. While for now, our international business looks largely stable. Overall, our volume growth rate in intermodal will reflect favorable year-over-year comparisons.
As we’ve said all year, the pricing environment remains supportive, and we have been encouraged by the agreements that you’ve already reached for 2024. Note that with the slowdown in intermodal storage revenue that we have seen over the course of this year, we are now expecting supplemental revenue, excluding trucking, to decline by $325 million for the full year. Our commitment to efficiency and cost control remains in place as we keep our eye on service performance, not just in the near term, but also as we look ahead to improve market conditions and greater demand for rail capacity.
Finally, our estimate of $2.3 billion in capital expenditures remains unchanged, along with our strong focus on innovation and growth.
I will close by saying that I’m very proud of what we’ve accomplished as ONE CSX team as I finished my first year with CSX. When I spoke to all of you last fall, we talked about our belief that CSX could accomplish great things and create so much value by working better together as one team to serve our customers. We have made very good progress. And all of us know that there remains so much more we can do. I’m even more enthusiastic about our opportunities than I was last year. We all appreciate your support and interest in our company and we keep — as we keep moving forward.
All right, thank you. And Matthew, we’re now ready for questions.
Matt Korn
Thank you, Joe. We will now move to our question-and-answer session. Now, in the interest of time and to make sure that everyone on this call has an opportunity, we ask you to please limit yourselves to one question. Krista, we’re ready to start the process.
Question-and-Answer Session
Operator
[Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Chris Wetherbee from Citigroup. Please go ahead.
Chris Wetherbee
Hey, thanks. Good afternoon, guys. Maybe Joe or Mike, kind of wanted to start with your sense of where you are in terms of resources and services relative to the volume environment. So, headcount moved up again. Maybe give us — if you can give us a sense of where you think you need to take that or if you’re at reasonable staffing levels? And maybe how we think about, like I said, that resource base relative to the volume environment? Do you have the ability to do more at these current levels, or are we still in a little bit of the recovery phase?
Mike Cory
Hey, Chris, it’s Mike. Look, and again, I’m going to preface every — probably most of my answers with, I’ve been here less than a month, but we still have the training pipeline. We still have people that we need to get into position that I spoke of earlier. But overall, I’m comfortable that we have enough to improve the size of train, the amount of trains, the velocity with the people we have. But however, there are areas where we’re probably getting affected somewhat on the flow of the goods. And so, it’s constant. We’re working — not just Kevin and I, but our teams together. So they really get the ground floor view of what we can do. And not having been here for that long, I haven’t really stretched the opportunities out there yet.
So, I’d say, to answer your question, we’re where we need to be. We have people that are being trained that are going to be positioned. And remember, we have attrition, whether its retirement or whatever the case. So, we’re filling that. And with the people we have. We’re in good shape. We have to get in better shape, and a lot of that’s going to come from self-help and how we utilize the assets.
Joe Hinrichs
Yeah. Chris, just the last thing I’ll add is, as Mike mentioned, we’re still hiring in a few key locations. That’s down to a little more than a handful. And largely, we’re in pretty good shape in most other spots. And with the natural attrition we have, we’re still hiring to replace some of that because we are still — our merchandise volume is up this year. So, we’re still seeing some growth in volume. But we feel pretty good about our ability to manage that. And Mike has really challenged the team to come with a new set of — fresh new set of eyes to look at how we can do some self-help to free up some of our crews to help us even be more efficient. Thanks.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Brian Ossenbeck from JPMorgan. Please go ahead.
Brian Ossenbeck
Hey, thanks for taking the question. And Mike, welcome back to the industry. Congrats. Just wanted to ask more about the — excuse me, on the service side, maybe for Kevin. You’re seeing some conversion that you mentioned of areas that have excess truck capacity. So, is the stuff that you thought you lost before and was going to come back, or has the service been so good for so long that people actually going to convert and stay there? Just trying to get a sense of the stickiness of that.
And then, Sean, if you can just give us some comments on the cost per employee for the fourth quarter? It looks like overtime is coming down quite a bit. There’s always mix and trainees involved. So, any color on that would be helpful. Thank you.
Kevin Boone
Yeah. I would say on the truck conversion side, we’re really, really early into this thing. The good news is customers are willing to start to have those conversations that quite frankly we just couldn’t have a year ago, given where we were. And so, we’re building momentum. I expect this to build on itself into next year. The great thing is, I think as an industry, we’re starting to become aligned in terms of going after growth, going after some of the opportunities that exist out there collectively as an industry, and I think that’s very encouraging as well.
But it’s a mixture. It’s a mixture of going after new customers. Clearly, you pointed out, the trucking market is not very supportive right now. But even in this market, we’re finding customers that, with ESG and with other things, are wanting to have that discussion. There’s still value that we can drive. But I only expect as that trucking market firms up in the next year and the years ahead that this will accelerate on itself and see a lot of momentum coming.
Sean Pelkey
Brian, on your follow-up question around cost per employee, we did — made a lot of progress on the overtime front in the third quarter. That’s an area that Mike has been focused on right from the very beginning, trying to figure out ways we can restructure the work and eliminate waste in certain locations. So that’s going to help. I will say though sequentially Q3 to Q4, you probably will see still an uptick in cost per employee like we normally do. That’s driven by some capital work labor that will go over to OE in the fourth quarter. We also have some seasonal vacation and some accruals that will hit in the fourth quarter. So I would say, sequentially Q3 to Q4, you’ll probably see comp per employee up a few percent.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Brandon Oglenski from Barclays. Please go ahead.
Brandon Oglenski
Hey, good evening, and thanks for taking my question. And Mike, welcome back as well. And I guess, Mike, can I just ask you, the U.S. roads historically just haven’t had a great track record of organic growth and we know it seems like coal have been a long-term headwind. But what have you seen in your first month or so that you like to see at the CSX plan or changes you want to make that will help with this idea that CSX can outgrow the market looking ahead?
Mike Cory
Hey, Brandon. Thank you. Wow. I mentioned in my remarks, the visibility of information and it just — it creates this connection where people see — we have people that manage terminals, that manage the dispatch on the road, we have people that manage people from a crew management perspective, we manage — look, we do all these things individually and to see that altogether and then again back to being understanding of what it is you can do, whether it’s from a capacity or service perspective, but then cutting in with Kevin’s team, we can get sticky because we can really understand all the work we’re doing is really to get that business is to keep that business.
And I see that here — the opportunity here is — look, the railway I came from, you got the business, you went 1,200, 1,500 miles and then there was more business here, it’s everywhere. And it’s not — it’s competitive, but there’s lots of that. And Kevin — we’re not talking so much about the truck. Obviously, we’re going to grow with the market and what it gives us, but I just — I think the opportunity here when we connect our people, we are everywhere. We service, what is it, two-thirds of the U.S. market. And that’s just opportunity in itself is.
So, I don’t know if I’m answering your question. Again, I’ve been here a month. But I see that, that’s really what our goal is. We want to grow properly. We wanted to be ratable. We want to make sure that we’re in position for it. And we’re going to make sure that we rid ourselves of waste. So, we’re not getting rid of the assets that we need when it does come.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Jonathan Chappell from Evercore ISI. Please go ahead.
Jonathan Chappell
Thank you. Good afternoon. Mike, I kind of want to build on that and you kind of brought up your former role as well. You transitioned there from a PSR railroad to a growth railroad, and maybe that didn’t go as smoothly as you would have hoped. So, you’re not joining a fixer-upper here. CSX’s service metrics have improved vastly over the last year or two, and now you’re pivoting the growth. So, what are some of the lessons that you’ve learned from that transition at the last role on some of the dangers to avoid? And how you manage capacity as you’re trying to fill the network without clogging up the network and causing service issues?
Mike Cory
Thanks, Jonathan. One of the wounds just opened up. Look, it’s no different. We have to be really aligned. First of all, we have to understand what our assets and our people can do for us and expand on that, obviously. But I just don’t see the market, the commodities we move being the same as the growth is where I came from. And so, again, I have a long way to go to understand the market and I’m working extremely hard with Kevin to understand it. But look, the principles are the same. We sell a service, we deliver a service. And how fast we recover from any service disruptions is key to keeping the customer knowing that our goal is to be the reliable provider for them. So, I don’t see any difference.
And you can go back and take a look at the hockey stick recovery and all that great history, but I’m looking forward. And I don’t think anything changes in my view as to how we approach this. We know what we can do, and we continue to really stay close. And again, the teams being together from the ground floor up, there shouldn’t be surprises. And if there are, we’re going to build our resiliency so that we can attack it again and again be reliable for the customer. So, I don’t see that big of a difference in terms of the model that we have here or where we have — wherever we have, what we had — what I had before. It’s sell the service, deliver the service. And Kevin is really working hard with his team on ratability. So, there shouldn’t be surprises.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Scott Group from Wolfe Research. Please go ahead.
Scott Group
Hey, thanks. Good afternoon. Maybe Kevin, any — just any color on how much of a uptick in the coal yield we should expect in Q4 and into Q1?
And then maybe just Sean, just help us think about some of the puts and takes for Q4. It just sounds like better volume, less of a fuel headwind, maybe some met uplift, but maybe some continued cost pressure. So, you put it altogether, that’s — you think operating ratio gets better or worse from Q3? Any directional color you want to give us?
Kevin Boone
Yeah. Scott, there can be a lot of mix issues within our coal business. When you think about Southern utilities, longer length of haul, higher RPU versus Northern utilities. Export coal, very, very good business, can be shorter haul, so can sometimes be a little bit lower RPU as well. But [indiscernible] given some of the benchmark strength that we’ve seen, I would look for something in the low-single digits, maybe mid-single digits depending on mix.
Sean Pelkey
Yeah. And Scott, on your question around Q4, I think you did a good job of kind of summarizing the factors. We’re off to a good start in terms of the volume, and that’s obviously one of the most important factors in terms of not only seeing OR stay stable to improve, but also more importantly growing our earnings. As you mentioned, fuel should be a little bit less of a negative here in Q4 than it was in Q3. We’ll see what the direction of fuel prices is, but we have $30 million lag in the third quarter that we don’t expect to repeat.
And then in terms of the cost, seasonally, we typically do see higher costs in Q4 than Q3. So, if you were to look over the last five years, each and every one of those years, the OR has been worse in Q4 than Q3, and everything except for 2020, the COVID year, operating income has been down sequentially from the third quarter. Now, we’re off to a good start like I said, and we’ve got our eyes fixed on places that we can eliminate waste and control costs. So I think we’ve got a good shot of bucking that seasonal trend and doing a little bit better than that.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Justin Long from Stephens. Please go ahead.
Justin Long
Thanks, and good afternoon. Kevin, it sounds like you’ve recently had some early success with market share gains both truck and rail. But could you expand a little bit more on the commodity groups where you’re seeing the most meaningful tailwinds on that front? And as we move into 2024, where you see the most opportunity to keep that momentum going?
Kevin Boone
Yeah. I think it’s really within our merchandise portfolio and it’s broad-based. There’s different initiatives across the board from our metals side of the business which I highlighted. Automotive has been a good strength for us. And it’s all on the back of service that’s differentiated in the market, and we’ve really been able to capitalize on that with the customer. The customers are looking for reliable service, and I think we’ve been a standout in the market here year-to-date, and our team has been selling it, and it’s been incredibly helpful on that side.
I will say we’re going to start to see some benefits of the industrial development side, more in probably the ’25, ’26, but you’ll start to see that layer in, in late ’24 and got a lot of momentum there. And again, it goes back to the service product that we’ve been able to deliver and getting the confidence as these industries build new plants that are locating on our railroad.
So, I actually just sat down with Christina this afternoon, and we were going through all the industrial projects that have been taking place throughout the U.S. And it’s interesting, you look at a map holistically throughout the U.S. and it’s almost focused on the East and that’s all railroad. That’s where we operate and that’s where our team is really going after it today. And I’m very, very optimistic on what’s happening in that side.
So, a lot of opportunities. They are mixed across different industries, and every industry is created a little bit different, but we are being able to lean into those conversations, quite different environment than what was occurring last year, but very, very optimistic here.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Amit Mehrotra from Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead.
Amit Mehrotra
Thanks a lot. Hi, everyone. Sean, I wanted to just follow up on that question around 3Q to 4Q, but maybe ask it as it relates to 2024. I mean, obviously we’re moving from a very inflationary environment to a less inflationary environment. You’ve got a little bit of labor — another uptick in labor in the middle of next year. But then I also look at like PS&O, is that — 19% of revenue, several years ago was as low as 14%, 15% of revenue. But there’s obviously some opportunity to get more leverage on the cost structure, especially on that big PS&O item. So, I don’t know if you can kind of help us enter your brain a little bit and think what is the cost structure look like in ’24? Because, obviously, we’re still in an inflationary environment, but you still got maybe these chunky, idiosyncratic opportunities to kind of leverage some parts of the cost structure.
Sean Pelkey
Yeah. Amit, obviously, we’re still in the planning phases for 2024. So, I don’t want to get too far ahead of ourselves here. But you know the story on labor and just to make sure everybody understands and to level set, we’re going to have a 4.5% wage increase mid-year next year, that’s the last year of the contract with the union employees. That’s a step up from the 4% increase that we had mid-year this year.
In terms of PS&O, at least on the inflationary side, it’s early, but I think it’s fair to say that we’ll start to see some normalization of the inflationary pressures from this year. So, we had mid-single digit inflation this year. It’ll probably be a little bit less than that, but certainly higher than the five-year average as some of those outside service contracts are based on lagging indicators or labor indices that are going to reset.
So, suffice it to say, I do think we’ve got fewer headwinds overall going into next year than we did going into this year. And that sets us up well. We’ve got cost and efficiency opportunities, but I think more importantly, Kevin and the team are building a really nice pipeline of growth that really stems from the way that we’ve been serving the customer over the last year. And that sustained service level as well as some of the initiatives the team has been working on, that’s really what’s going to drive growth as we get into next year and beyond.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Tom Wadewitz from UBS. Please go ahead.
Tom Wadewitz
Yeah, good afternoon. Wanted to see, I guess, it’s kind of staying in the same topic, Sean, but if you think about 2024 and volume sensitivity in terms of how the OR performs, do you think that there’s a chance that you could see improvement in the OR if you don’t see volume growth? And perhaps related to that, from a pricing perspective, I think sometimes people think that there is a time delay on some of the pricing with multi-year contracts and there might be catch-up on pricing related to inflation. So, I guess, it’s kind of two things within that, just OR sensitivity to volume and also potential catch-up on pricing. Thank you.
Sean Pelkey
Yeah, Tom. So, I mean, our plan is going to be to grow volume ahead of the economy, that’s what we’re going to shoot for, that’s what we’re going to plan for. So I think if we were to have no growth next year, I think it would be tough to improve the OR with the continued inflationary pressures that we’re seeing. You’re cycling. We had that insurance settlement earlier in the year. So, there’s a few things there. Depreciation will continue to go up, things like that. So, we need growth. That’s what the model requires and that’s what we’re building into the plan.
Kevin, I don’t know if you want to address the price piece.
Kevin Boone
Yeah. On the pricing, roughly 60% of our business reprices every year and 30% of that is kind of carryover of what we’ve already touched this year. So, we’ll touch the other half going into next year and the environment is still supportive and it certainly helps when the service product is vastly improved. And we’ll continue to price to our service levels, and those are up. And so, it’s a conversation that customers expect. Our labor inflation is very visible to the world. We have those discussions. They’re not unexpected from the customer.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Allison Poliniak from Wells Fargo. Please go ahead.
Allison Poliniak
Hi, thanks for taking the question. Just want to go back to the domestic intermodal side. You’re starting to see some conversion from truck here. When you’re talking to customers, what’s really starting — holding them back from converting at this point? Is there something in the service product that you have to evolve, or is it just simply building that trust with the reliability that you guys have had over the past few months? Just any thoughts there?
Joe Hinrichs
Yeah, to reflect on the pandemic and that’s — the domestic intermodal and our intermodal franchise performed very, very well. It really was outshined the industry in a lot of ways. What minimized our growth opportunity was really the chassis and some of the equipment limitations that existed. So, obviously, we’re in a very, very different world today. And so those limitations don’t exist on a year-over-year basis. And we’re really seeing the team able to capitalize on that.
And the strength of our service product is really coming through. When you see what we talked about in the chart that we mentioned previously is, I think all those things are coming together. Service leading in the East, and then allowing our customers to grow with us with our service product.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Ken Hoexter from Bank of America. Please go ahead.
Ken Hoexter
Hey, great. Good afternoon. Mike, welcome back to the sector and happy to have you here. Joe or Mike, I guess, just operations seem pretty solid, right, in terms of how well you’re operating and obviously you still want to improve. And maybe Mike, just talk about what — I know you’ve been there for a month, but what do you see as, I don’t know, if it’s low-hanging fruit or opportunities on operations? It sounds like Sean saying or Kevin saying, you need the volumes in order to get that operating leverage, but are there things you can do on the cost side from what you see that can aid that leverage opportunity?
Mike Cory
Yeah, I can, thanks. Look, visibility of waste and getting it and collating that information so that I can — what I do is I try to teach and learn, learn and teach. That’s really what it’s about. So, we have a good group of people, many of them younger, haven’t been experienced in the positions they’re in. So that’s really where I’ve been focusing, first of all, to get a temperature read, but really start to share with them how to go about getting at that waste. And it’s not easy in a network like this. And it’s something that we will do as a team, but I’m not big on the next day looking at a report. I want it visible right away so they see their actions.
And so, I see great opportunity in that. They’re hungry to do it. They’re more than motivated. And it’s up to me to teach them and help them get there. And I have all the confidence in the world that’s where we’ll get. But we’ll see just through the waste exercise at first, and then it starts to allow you to get into understanding how to devise the network to Kevin’s point, to keep and even get better service and get the businesses out there.
Joe Hinrichs
Yeah, Ken, I just want to add a little thing. I think the timing of Mike joining us is perfect, because we’ve had a year of taking advantage of the operating model that we have, engaging with our employees, do a lot of things around culture and our ONE CSX. We’ve made tremendous progress, especially on the service metrics, as you’ve seen, and we have close industry-leading metrics across the board on the operating side. Now we have Mike coming in with his experience, fresh set of eyes, and all the opportunities that can now allow us to now step back and say, “Okay, we’ve come this far, great work. Proud of the team’s work. Now, here’s the opportunity that we have to advance even further.”
And so, the timing is perfect, I think, for us. Works out very nicely. Our team is excited and motivated. You’ve seen now, as Kevin has highlighted many times in his comments tonight, regarding the customers have acknowledged and they acknowledge that with me all the time, the service levels that we’ve sustained, almost reliably now and repeatedly for 12 months. And now we have the opportunity to get more efficient and to get even better. And Mike has come in with a great attitude and excited about how we can take it to the next level and still focus, of course, on improving our service metrics, but also teaching our team, which is a relatively young team, to understand what it takes now to take a next step forward.
So, we’re excited about it. I’m excited about it, and I think we can continue to outpace the industry when it comes to progress on our efficiency metrics.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Bascome Majors from Susquehanna. Please go ahead.
Bascome Majors
Thank you. To follow up on that earlier question, can you roll that out a little bit further, not just on the service side, but Mike, your role from — in the mandate you’ve been given to focus on culture, sales, the integration of Kevin’s department with yours, what we, like, see different from CSX over the next three to five years versus what we’ve seen over the last three to five? Thank you.
Mike Cory
That’s a tough one, Bascome. I’m still out there trying to learn. And that’s important to me because I don’t want to block anybody or make them feel they can’t come forward with an idea. That’s number one. But going forward, I want to share the experience I have so that they’re incorporating that into the things they do today. And to me, we’ll see improvements in all our metrics. A bigger focus on — when I say velocity, I’m talking both trains and cars, but fluidity. And we run a pretty condensed network here. Everything is really close. We don’t have, in many cases, a lot of time to recover. So, it’s the plan we put into effect and the discipline about executing it.
And so, what I’m trying to share with them is the availability of data and how to use it. It hasn’t — I don’t see that they’ve had enough time. They’ve gone through a pretty tough period here over the last couple of years. They’ve rebounded extremely nicely. And to Joe’s point, this is to get to the next level, so where they’re self-sufficient. And I know they can be, they know they can be, but I’m here to show them that way.
And maybe Kevin, if you have something to add.
Kevin Boone
Yeah, I would just — I would highlight that the teams, Mike’s team and my team, they coordinate daily. They’re speaking better than they ever have to each other. It’s important from a sales and marketing perspective. You talked about can we handle an upsurge in volume demand. Well, it’s up to us to communicate that real time so the team can work, make sure we’re prepared for that volume, communicate with a customer, and make sure it’s rateable and that we have the people in place to handle it.
I think a lot of the discussions we’re having right now are around that. I don’t think it’s rocket science to figure out where things could come back very, very quickly. We’re having those discussions around creating resiliency in this network. And we’re going to get together in a couple of weeks, our teams again, go through it market by market. What do we see for next year? What do we see over the next three years? And how are we going to prepare for that? And those conversations are better than they ever have been.
Mike Cory
Yeah, and I’ll just finish up. Bascome, like — I’ve been, like I said, pretty much to — well, not pretty much everywhere, but a lot of locations. And I really focus on bringing everybody that has a role in servicing the customer. I was up in Baltimore, Curtis Bay, everybody from facilities to Kevin and his marketing team, to the people that run the plant, to our engineering, mechanical, everybody has a role to play. And when they see their actions actually doing it together, they become more than customer advocates. They know and can respond to the customer much faster because they know exactly what they can offer. And so, going forward, this is not operations and marketing. No, this is CSX. This is how we approach this. This is how we build the business and keep it and drive it even better for the customer. That’s what I see in three to five years.
Joe Hinrichs
You guys can’t see it, but Mike has the shirt on, it’s ONE CSX. That’s what we’re talking about here. And that’s the vision that our teams are seamless enough that people see CSX as one entity, not a bunch of different functions and silos, all focused on, of course, safety first of our employees and the communities we live in and serve, but ultimately the service we provide our customers, which leads to the growth potential that we’ve all talked about. And it doesn’t take a rocket scientist to figure out in this business what incremental margins come with growth in this business.
But from my year-plus experience here now, we will realize the most potential when we have operations and marketing sales as described by both Kevin and Mike as one team, looking at every opportunity together with a can do, let’s find a way to make sure it’s profitable, let’s find a way to be able to serve the customer and do it efficiently. And that’s the spirit of ONE CSX, focus on how on teaching and training our employees to be part of that team and to get excited by that opportunity and do it in a way that we’re proud of how we work together in service of the customer. That’s ONE CSX is what everyone’s talking about.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Jason Seidl from TD Cowen. Please go ahead.
Jason Seidl
Thank you, operator. Joe and team, good afternoon. Mike, welcome back. It must be pretty exciting coming, hitting the ground running and railroad showing improving service numbers. So, we look forward to seeing what you could do in 2024.
My question actually is going to be to Kevin. Kevin, you had some comments. You said you had many, many reasons to be optimistic. So, I noted the two manys there. You sort of touched on domestic plastics improving. I’d like to get some meat on the bone there with those commentaries.
And then, you talked a little bit about some industrial development projects with Christina. Can you give us some numbers on what you’re seeing now in terms of total projects and maybe what you had a year ago and maybe pre-pandemic?
Kevin Boone
Yeah. We’re exposed to a lot of cyclical businesses and we’re talking about – everybody is talking about a looming recession. Well, in my opinion, a lot of the businesses we touched have been in recession for the last year and many of them are at cyclical lows. And maybe we went beyond that with the de-stocking that occurred. So, when we talk about some of the plastics and we talk about forest products and some of these other markets, there’s significant de-stocking headwinds that we’ve been dealing with for the past three, four quarters. And so just based on that, obviously, the comparisons get much easier from here as we look into 2024. And hopefully in a world where demand is relatively stable, that would implies, hopefully, some growth beyond just having the economy snap back a bit here.
So that gives me a little bit of optimism. Obviously, if you turn the TV on right now, it can make you a little bit hesitant to be bullish. But the things that we can control, as I mentioned before, that pipeline has never been bigger. I don’t think — I’ve only been here for about six, seven years, but talking to the — my colleagues that have been around a lot longer, the things that we’re doing from an industrial development side, the things we’re doing, working with other Class Is, the things — you have the Western Class Is going after the Mexico business, we can participate in that. We’re really happy to work with them. There’s a lot of things, a lot of momentum just around us all working together to create opportunities for ourselves where I think for decades we’ve been pushing volume quite frankly off the railroad, on the truck. And now, we’re all going to work collectively to really change that trend. And that’s exciting.
Forgot the second part of that question. The industrial projects, we did highlight a number of those. I think we’ll put a fighter. We’ll come back probably at the end of — as we look into next year and kind of put up more numbers around that, but the activity levels are just tremendous. And then we haven’t seen any slowdown. And like I said before, the biggest challenge is to create the inventory of readily available industrial sites that are shovel ready tomorrow, basically. As these companies, as we’re seeing more on-shoring, we’re seeing more industrial development. They want to go quickly and we’ve got to be ready to serve their needs. So that’s the focus of this team is how can create more opportunities throughout our network to react to where they need to go and create a service so they can reach their customers. But we’ll put some more numbers around that as we develop it, but the team has done a great job and we got a lot of momentum there.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Jordan Alliger from Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead.
Jordan Alliger
Yeah, hi. I was wondering if you could maybe give some color or thoughts around the auto sector. Obviously, it’s been an area of a lot of strength, the strikes, work stoppages are going on. How much cushion do you guys have relative to the inventory that’s out there versus how long this drags on before it really starts to impact carloads? Thanks.
Kevin Boone
Yeah, I mean, obviously, we want a quick resolution. The quicker the better. As you’re probably aware of the industry as a whole has been short on car supplies. So, to some degree that’s probably helping us or helping the industry to a certain degree. There’re certainly some impacts to us. We’re seeing strong demand in other areas where we have a diverse portfolio. So we’re able to probably supply more cars to those customers that have been wanting more cars here recently and diverting some of those as we’ve seen some impact.
But my boss here knows that industry more than anybody else and I keep on asking him every day what his thoughts are. But we’ll manage through it. I think more of this is deferred revenue. And we think the demand still remains out there. So, as we move into next year, we expect to capture all the demand that exists.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of David Vernon from Bernstein. Please go ahead.
David Vernon
Hey, good afternoon, guys. So, Kevin, I wanted to ask you about the drivers of that domestic intermodal growth from a channel perspective. The numbers sort of turned around in week 17 and it’s been pretty straightened up to the right. Is this just general stuff you’re getting through traditional IMCs or is it a parcel company that’s doing a little bit more over the rails? Is it a retailer that you’ve got a direct relationship with? Is there any one single driver of what’s looking like a pretty big divergence from industry intermodal performance that we should be thinking about there in domestic intermodal?
Kevin Boone
Well, I think it’s not — there’s not one single driver. It’s the teams working together on the operating side and the sales and marketing side. They’re going after every opportunity there is. And they’re — whether it’s identifying new lanes, other things that are profitable, we’re going after it right now, really being able to lean in. And I have to commend the team for their creativity, their ability to work with the — our partners in operations and really go after things and adapt quickly and react quickly to market demand out there. So, we still have a significant value proposition even with the truck as weak as it is today. And that will only accelerate once the truck firms up a little bit here in the next year. But we’re really, really proud of what they’ve been able to accomplish and we’ve got a lot of momentum around it.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Walter Spracklin from RBC Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
James McGarragle
Hey, this is James McGarragle. I’m on for Walter today. Thanks for having me on. I wanted to ask a question on U.S. port share ship toward the U.S. East Coast and away from the U.S. West Coast over the past number of years. Given the agreements with the unions on the West Coast, do you expect this share ship to trend to — toward the East Coast to continue? And any early indication you can share from your conversations with the shipping lines and your strategy to capitalize on these trends longer term? Thanks.
Sean Pelkey
I think you’ve heard it over and over again the West Coast are challenged in terms of being able to add capacity. And so there’s been tremendous investments that continue to be made on the East Coast and we’re the beneficiary of that. So, we’ll continue to work with our East Coast ports and expect that trend to continue going forward. You also see a migration out of China and other markets. And that’s also helpful for what we’re seeing in terms of imports coming off from new locations that can go, that are more likely to go to the East Coast than maybe the West Coast previously. So, a lot of good momentum, a lot of significant investments being made. We’re making investments alongside of them to make sure we’re prepared for the growth, but it’s been a great story that I don’t see any reason that that won’t continue going forward.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Ravi Shanker from Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead.
Ravi Shanker
Thanks. Good evening, everyone. Just a couple of questions here, one follow-up. Sorry if I missed this, but I was a little surprised to see the headwind on the accessorials get a little bit worse because it felt like you guys had a pretty good handle on that. Can you just kind of unpack that for us and kind of if that’s now a final number?
And also maybe for Joe, bigger picture, I know the rails are all trying to pivot very heavily towards growth, which has historically been challenging to come by. What do you think about inorganic growth potential opportunities maybe short-lanes, maybe trucking, like it — is that something you guys looking at as well?
Sean Pelkey
Ravi, this is Sean. I’ll start with the question around the accessorial. So, it’s been trending down all year long. I would say we took our kind of last sequential step down from Q2 to Q3. It’s a little bit more than we expected, but it wasn’t just intermodal storage. There were some other components of other revenue that were down slightly. There’s a lot of different things in there from subsidiary revenue to switching charges to lots of different factors.
So, this is probably a good run rate to use going forward. It is also impacted by volume to a degree. So, it’ll trend to a little bit higher when the intermodal volumes recover likely. But the level that we’re at right now, we do think is kind of the bottom. And that’s why we just didn’t want to — we wanted to make sure everybody understood where we were headed for the fourth quarter on that line.
Joe Hinrichs
Thanks, Sean. And Ravi, just a couple of other comments from your second part of your question. I mean, at the highest level, I wouldn’t think that trucking is where we would see growth. We’re proud of the acquisition of Quality Carriers and how that’s progressed with us at CSX. But that was very specialized to serve our chemical customers where very strong franchise and very important business to us. We’ll always be opportunistic, but I wouldn’t say that trucking is where the growth comes from.
But just a couple of areas to highlight that we haven’t been highlighted so far tonight. And first and foremost, I’ll start with the fact that, I think you get the sense from this team that we firmly believe that the best way to provide opportunity for growth is to continue to provide class — best industry-leading service to our customers. And when we do that, it gives us more and more opportunities to win business with customers. So that is the foundation of where we see growth.
But you have to remember, we’ve been investing in the New England region, which is the old Pan Am network that we purchased. And that’s going to be an opportunity for growth. We’re excited about that. We’re going to start a new interchange point with CPKC in Myrtlewood, Alabama. We’re very excited about that opportunity.
And Kevin referenced it, but I want to highlight it, in order for this industry to see significant growth, we have to work better together to be motivated to serve customers in new and better ways. And we’re starting to have some of those good conversations with other Class I railroads to be able to talk and think differently about how do we serve the customer and how do we get excited about that opportunity?
So, there are a number of incremental steps we can take to grow the business beyond just getting better and all the work that we’re doing and the cynical nature of our business, which will be some things that should help us going into ’24, as both Kevin and Sean mentioned. But those are some incremental areas that we have opportunities.
And then, as our intermodal product continues to get better and we continue to be in the 95%-plus trip plan compliance reliably, repeatedly, and get to the high 90%, as the truck market starts to rebound and as costs continue to increase there, we can be even more competitive versus truck and get some more business off the road there.
So, a lot of opportunity for us. We have to continue down the path we’re on of continuing to provide that reliable service. But there’s some exciting developments going on in addition to all the projects that are going on industrial development side, as Kevin referenced earlier, we’ll provide more guidance — maybe some more information on that, not guidance, but information on the context of that. But there are hundreds and hundreds of projects in the works in that space. So, a lot to be excited about, and really excited about the capability of our network to take advantage of that.
Operator
This concludes today’s conference call. Thank you for your participation, and you may now disconnect.
